Approaches to the assessment of stable and chemically reactive drug metabolites in early clinical trials

Abstract

The recommendations of the FDA's final Guidance document on Safety Testing of Drug Metabolites provide a framework for devising preclinical toxicology assessment paradigms, where necessary, for human metabolites of small molecule drug candidates. Importantly, these recommendations carry implications for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of circulating drug metabolites in early human trials, which typically are performed without the benefit of a radiolabeled tracer. In this perspective, an approach to these goals is outlined based on recent work at Merck Research Laboratories involving the use of ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, performed on a high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer, of first-in-human study plasma samples. With the aid of a fractional mass filtering algorithm, drug metabolites are distinguished from endogeneous background materials and subsequently identified on the basis of their accurate masses, product ion mass spectra, and computer-assisted structure elucidation software routines. Semiquantitative analysis then is based on calibration of the MS response to each analyte with reference to radioactivity data from in vitro metabolic profiles. In the case of chemically reactive drug metabolites, which are excluded from consideration in the Guidance, a proactive approach is advocated whereby potent (low dose) drug candidates with only a limited propensity to form electrophilic intermediates are advanced into development. Overall, a decision on the need to conduct separate evaluation of the safety profile of a human drug metabolite(s) should take into consideration all of the available information on the compound of interest and be based on a case-by-case approach employing sound scientific principles.