Distribution of 2-[I]iodomelatonin binding in the brain of Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis)

Abstract

The neurohormone melatonin is an important signal for both time of day and time of year in many seasonally breeding animals. High densities of melatonin receptors have been found in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, median eminence, and the pituitary gland in almost all mammals investigated so far, and lower densities of melatonin receptors have also been localized to other brain regions varying in a species-specific fashion. Because species-specific differences in receptor distributions have been correlated with differences in behavior and ecology, a comparative study of how melatonin receptors are distributed in vertebrate brains can be useful to the understanding of the functional organization of neural circuits controlling daily and seasonal behaviors. In this study, we localized and characterized melatonin binding sites in the brain of the Mexican free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis) using in vitro autoradiography with 2-[(125)I]iodomelatonin. Tadarida brasiliensis is a nocturnal insectivorous mammal that seasonally migrates, reproduces once a year, and exhibits documented sexual dimorphisms in seasonal reproductive behaviors, most notably in courtship vocalizations. Prominent 2-[(125)I]iodomelatonin binding was found in the median eminence, suprachiasmatic nuclei, and hippocampus, similar to that observed in other mammals. High densities of binding were also localized to structures of the basal ganglia, including the caudate nucleus, putamen, and nucleus accumbens, a feature commonly observed in songbirds but not in mammals. Saturation analysis indicated that the observed binding sites had an affinity for melatonin typical of the binding properties for the Mel(1a) receptor subtype. We conclude that melatonin receptor distributions in the Mexican free-tailed bat brain appear to show similarities with the reproductive and circadian systems of other mammals and the basal ganglia of songbirds.

Fig. 1

Presence of melatonin receptors in the singing Tadarida brasiliensis brain. Representative IMEL binding in the Mexican free-tailed bat. Row A indicates the plane of the coronal slice, B shows a representative IMEL autoradiograph, C provides the accompanying brain atlas, D shows the cresyl violet stained sections, and E shows nonspecific binding in control brains. 3V = third ventricle; Ac = nucleus accumbens; ACC = anterior cingulate cortex; Aq = aqueduct; Au = auditory cortex; C = caudate nucleus; CA3 = hippocampus Cornu Ammonis 3; cc = corpus callosum; CPu = caudate putamen; ec = external capsule; DG = dentate gyrus; ic = internal capsule; LV = lateral ventricle; ME = median eminence; PAG = periaqueductal gray; Pir = piriform cortex; P = putamen; SCN = suprachiasmatic nucleus.

Fig. 2

Saturation of IMEL binding to Tadarida brasiliensis caudate putamen. The saturation curve is shown in a. Specific binding was calculated by subtracting nonspecific binding from total binding. Each point represents three different animals. b shows a Scatchard plot illustrating the results of a nonlinear regression analysis indicating a high affinity binding site with K_d = 22.3 ± 15.1 pM and B_max = 0.1992 ± 0.0285 fmol/mg protein.