Metabolic stress-like condition can be induced by prolonged strenuous exercise in athletes

Abstract

Few studies have examined energy metabolism during prolonged, strenuous exercise. We wanted therefore to investigate energy metabolic consequences of a prolonged period of continuous strenuous work with very high energy expenditure. Twelve endurance-trained athletes (6 males and 6 females) were recruited. They performed a 7-h bike race on high work-load intensity. Physiological, biochemical, endocrinological, and anthropometric muscular compartment variables were monitored before, during, and after the race. The energy expenditure was high, being 5557 kcal. Work-load intensity (% of VO(2) peak) was higher in females (77.7%) than in men (69.9%). Muscular glycogen utilization was pronounced, especially in type I fibres (>90%). Additionally, muscular triglyceride lipolysis was considerably accelerated. Plasma glucose levels were increased concomitantly with an unchanged serum insulin concentration which might reflect an insulin resistance state in addition to proteolytic glyconeogenesis. Increased reactive oxygen species (malondialdehyde (MDA)) were additional signs of metabolic stress. MDA levels correlated with glycogen utilization rate. A relative deficiency of energy substrate on a cellular level was indicated by increased intracellular water of the leg muscle concomitantly with increased extracellular levels of the osmoregulatory amino acid taurine. A kindred nature of a presumed insulin-resistant state with less intracellular availability of glucose for erythrocytes was also indicated by the findings of decreased MCV together with increased MCHC (haemoconcentration) after the race. This strenuous energy-demanding work created a metabolic stress-like condition including signs of insulin resistance and deteriorated intracellular glucose availability leading to compromised fuelling of ion pumps, culminating in a disturbed cellular osmoregulation indicated by taurine efflux and cellular swelling.

Figure 1.

Energy expenditure (EE) normalized to kg body weight (bw) and lean body mass (lbm) and additionally related to per cent work-load intensity (% of VO₂ peak) during the 7-h race in all subjects (n=12), females (n=6) and males (n=6).

Figure 2.

Relationship between initial muscle cell triglyceride (MCTG) content and MCTG utilization during the 7-h race. Correlation was calculated using the Spearman correlation coefficient (r=0.61, P<0.05, n=11).

Figure 3.

A: Relationship between per cent (%) muscle fibre type I and muscle cell triglyceride (MCTG) utilization during the 7-h race. Correlation was calculated using the Spearman correlation coefficient (r=0.63, P<0.05, n=11). B: Relationship between per cent (%) muscle fibre type IIA and muscle cell triglyceride (MCTG) utilization during the 7-h race. Correlation was calculated using the Spearman correlation coefficient (r =-0.71, P<0.05, n=11).

Figure 4.

Relationship between change in plasma MDA (malondialdehyde) concentration and glycogen utilization during the 7-h race. Correlation was calculated using the Spearman correlation coefficient (r=0.71, P<0.01, n=12).

Figure 5.

Fluid distribution (mL) in subcompartments of the leg. Intracellular fluids (ICW) and extracellular fluids (ECW) were measured before and after the 7-h race.