The association of tumor microsatellite instability phenotype with family history of colorectal cancer

Abstract

Family history is a strong predictor of colorectal cancer risk; however, a diagnosis of colorectal cancer among first-degree relatives has not been systematically investigated as a function of the colorectal cancer molecular subtypes related to tumor microsatellite instability (MSI) status. We investigated whether the observable familial colorectal cancer risks differed according to tumor MSI subtypes, stratified as MSI-High (>30% instability), MSI-Low (<30% instability), and MSS (no instability). Data from 3,143 population-based colorectal cancer cases from five institutions were assessed for family history according to the Amsterdam criteria and the Bethesda guidelines, age at diagnosis, sex, tumor location, and MSI status. The distribution of patient characteristics by MSI status was compared using polytomous logistic regression. Overall, 2.8% colorectal cancer cases met the Amsterdam criteria and 37% met the Bethesda guidelines. There were 14% MSI-High, 13% MSI-Low, and 73% MSS colorectal cancers. MSI-High (P<0.0001) and MSI-Low tumors (P=0.01) were more proximally located than MSS tumors. MSI-High tumors were more common among females (P<0.001). The highest proportion of MSI-High tumors occurred in cases<40 years of age whereas the age-dependent distribution of MSI-Low tumors was unchanged. MSI-High tumors showed a statistically significant association with increasing numbers of first-degree relatives with colorectal cancer (P=0.002); this association disappeared, however, when MSI-High cases meeting Amsterdam criteria were removed from the analysis. MSI-Low tumors did not show a similar association with family history of colorectal cancer. Familial risk associated with MSI-High tumors is primarily driven by the Amsterdam-criteria patients. MSI-Low tumors may represent a distinct subtype of colorectal cancer with respect to certain epidemiologic variables studied here.

Figure 1

Distribution of colorectal cancer (CRC) MSI subtype by tumor location, including all probands (A) and after exclusion of MSI-H probands meeting the Amsterdam criteria I and II (B). P < 0.001.

Figure 2

Histogram showing the distribution of different CRC MSI subtypes by sex, including all probands (A; P < 0.001) and after exclusion of MSI-H probands meeting the Amsterdam criteria I and II (B; P < 0.01).

Figure 3

Distribution of MSS, MSI-L, and MSI-H tumor subtypes by age at diagnosis of CRC probands. P < 0.001.

Figure 4

Distribution of MSI subtypes to familial aggregation of CRC, showing distribution of probands by the number of first-degree relatives diagnosed with CRC, including all probands (A; P < 0.01) and after exclusion of MSI-H probands meeting the Amsterdam criteria I and II (B; P = 0.713).