Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2009 Mar-Apr;44(2):185-9.
doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-44.2.185.

Development and preliminary validation of the Injury-Psychological Readiness to Return to Sport (I-PRRS) scale

Douglas D Glazer  1
Affiliations

Development and preliminary validation of the Injury-Psychological Readiness to Return to Sport (I-PRRS) scale

Douglas D Glazer. J Athl Train. 2009 Mar-Apr.

Abstract

Context: Only a few scales measure confidence within sport; however, these scales are insufficient to measure confidence after athletic injuries. Therefore, better measures are needed to determine the psychological readiness of injured athletes to return to sport participation.

Objective: To develop a scale that measures the psychological readiness of injured athletes to return to sport participation and to provide preliminary evidence of reliability and validity for the scale.

Design: The Delphi method was used to develop the Injury-Psychological Readiness to Return to Sport scale (I-PRRS). Two 1-way analyses of variance with repeated measures and 6 Pearson product moment correlations were computed to help validate the scale.

Setting: Athletic training clinics at 3 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) schools.

Patients or other participants: Four certified athletic trainers (ATs) and professors of Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education-accredited athletic training programs and 3 NCAA Division III coaches made up a panel of experts that participated in the Delphi portion of the study to develop the I-PRRS. In the second part of the study, 22 injured athletes, who missed a minimum of 1 week of practice, from 3 NCAA schools in Divisions II and III were surveyed along with their respective ATs. The injured athletes and ATs participated in the validation of the I-PRRS.

Main outcome measure(s): The injured athlete completed the Profile of Mood States (POMS) short form and the I-PRRS shortly after injury, before returning to the first practice, before returning to competition, and immediately after competition. The respective AT completed the I-PRRS before and after competition. The I-PRRS is a 6-item scale that measures the psychological readiness of injured athletes to return to sport, and the POMS short form is a 30-item scale that measures mood states. I added the negative moods of the POMS and subtracted the positive moods of the POMS to calculate a Total Mood Disturbance (TMD) score.

Results: The I-PRRS scores were negatively correlated with the TMD scores of the POMS short form at all 4 time intervals, showing concurrent validity. The I-PRRS scores were lowest after injury, increased before practice, increased again before competition, and had no change after competition. The I-PRRS as completed by the athlete and respective AT was positively correlated both before and after practice, demonstrating external validity.

Conclusions: Preliminary evidence for reliability and validity of the I-PRRS was demonstrated. The I-PRRS can be a beneficial tool for ATs to assess an athlete's psychological readiness to return to sport participation after injury.

Keywords: athletic injuries; confidence; psychology.

PubMed Disclaimer

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. Andersen M.B, Williams J.M. A model of stress and athletic injury: prediction and prevention. J Sport Exercise Psychol. 1988;10(3):294–306.
    1. Wiese-Bjornstal D.M, Smith A.M, LaMott E.E. A model of psychologic response to athletic injury and rehabilitation. Athl Train: Sport Health Care Perspect. 1995;1(1):17–30.
    1. Williams J.M, Andersen M.B. Psychosocial antecedents of sport injury: review and critique of the stress and injury model. J Appl Sport Psychol. 1998;10(1):5–25.
    1. Leddy M.H, Lambert M.J, Ogles B.M. Psychological consequences of athletic injury among high-level competitors. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1994;65(4):347–354. - PubMed
    1. Udry E, Andersen M.B. Athletic injury and sport behavior. In: Horn T.S, editor. Advances in Sport Psychology. Vol. 2002. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; pp. 529–553. 2nd ed.

Publication types