Determination of endocrine disrupting compounds using temperature-dependent inclusion chromatography: I. Optimization of separation protocol

Abstract

In the present work we optimised the separation of battery of key UV non-transparent low-molecular-mass compounds having possible endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) activity or which may be used as the endocrine effect biomarkers. Simple optimization strategy was based on strong temperature effect that is driven by electrostatic interactions between macrocyclic mobile phase additives like cyclodextrins and eluted components of interest under C18 stationary phase and acetonitrile/water mobile phase conditions. Particularly, the effect of temperature involving native beta-cyclodextrin and its hydroxypropyl derivative to improve separation of number of natural (d-equilenin, equilin, estetrol, estriol, estrone, 17beta-estradiol, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, 20alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, cortisol, cortisone, progesterone, testosterone, tetrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone) and artificial steroids (ethynylestradiol, norgestrel isomers, medroxyprogesterone, mestranol, methyltestosterone, norethindrone, 17alpha-estradiol) as well as non-steroidal compounds (diethylstilbesterol, bisphenol A, 4-tert-butylphenol, dimethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate and dioctyl phthalate) was investigated. It has been found that successful isocratic separation of 27 chemicals can be achieved using acetonitrile/water eluents modified with beta-cyclodextrin or hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin at concentration of 10 mM and temperature of 47 degrees C. Separation protocol is simple, reliable, direct and non-radioactive and may be easily adapted for rapid separation and quantification of wide range of given steroids and related EDCs in environmental samples, particularly those that are characterised by unstable biological matrix and components of interest load.