Sorafenib induces apoptosis specifically in cells expressing BCR/ABL by inhibiting its kinase activity to activate the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway

Abstract

Although the BCR/ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib is highly effective for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia, relapse with emerging imatinib resistance mutations in the BCR/ABL kinase domain poses a significant problem. Here, we show that the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis at much lower concentrations in Ton.B210 cells when driven by inducibly expressed BCR/ABL than when driven by interleukin-3. The increased sensitivity to sorafenib was also observed in cells inducibly expressing BCR/ABL with the imatinib-resistant E255K or T315I mutation. Sorafenib-induced apoptosis in these cells and Ph+ leukemic cells was synergistically enhanced by rottlerin, bortezomib, or ABT-737 and inhibited by the pan-caspase inhibitor BOC-d-fmk or the overexpression of Bcl-XL. It was further revealed that sorafenib activates Bax and caspase-3 and reduces mitochondrial membrane potential specifically in BCR/ABL-driven cells. Sorafenib also inhibited BCR/ABL-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of its cellular substrates and its autophosphorylation in Ton.B210. It was finally shown that sorafenib inhibits the kinase activity of BCR/ABL as well as its E255K and T315I mutants in in vitro kinase assays. These results indicate that sorafenib induces apoptosis of BCR/ABL-expressing cells, at least partly, by inhibiting BCR/ABL to activate the mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway. Thus, sorafenib may provide an effective therapeutic measure to treat Ph+ leukemias, particularly those expressing the T315I mutant, which is totally resistant to imatinib and the second generation BCR/ABL inhibitors.