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Meta-Analysis
. 2009 Apr 15;2009(2):CD003030.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003030.pub2.

Continuing education meetings and workshops: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes

Louise Forsetlund  1 , Arild Bjørndal, Arash Rashidian, Gro Jamtvedt, Mary Ann O'Brien, Fredric Wolf, Dave Davis, Jan Odgaard-Jensen, Andrew D Oxman
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Continuing education meetings and workshops: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes

Louise Forsetlund et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Update in

Abstract

Background: Educational meetings are widely used for continuing medical education. Previous reviews found that interactive workshops resulted in moderately large improvements in professional practice, whereas didactic sessions did not.

Objectives: To assess the effects of educational meetings on professional practice and healthcare outcomes.

Search strategy: We updated previous searches by searching the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group Trials Register and pending file, from 1999 to March 2006.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials of educational meetings that reported an objective measure of professional practice or healthcare outcomes.

Data collection and analysis: Two authors independently extracted data and assessed study quality. Studies with a low or moderate risk of bias and that reported baseline data were included in the primary analysis. They were weighted according to the number of health professionals participating. For each comparison, we calculated the risk difference (RD) for dichotomous outcomes, adjusted for baseline compliance; and for continuous outcomes the percentage change relative to the control group average after the intervention, adjusted for baseline performance. Professional and patient outcomes were analysed separately. We considered 10 factors to explain heterogeneity of effect estimates using weighted meta-regression supplemented by visual analysis of bubble and box plots.

Main results: In updating the review, 49 new studies were identified for inclusion. A total of 81 trials involving more than 11,000 health professionals are now included in the review. Based on 30 trials (36 comparisons), the median adjusted RD in compliance with desired practice was 6% (interquartile range 1.8 to 15.9) when any intervention in which educational meetings were a component was compared to no intervention. Educational meetings alone had similar effects (median adjusted RD 6%, interquartile range 2.9 to 15.3; based on 21 comparisons in 19 trials). For continuous outcomes the median adjusted percentage change relative to control was 10% (interquartile range 8 to 32%; 5 trials). For patient outcomes the median adjusted RD in achievement of treatment goals was 3.0 (interquartile range 0.1 to 4.0; 5 trials). Based on univariate meta-regression analyses of the 36 comparisons with dichotomous outcomes for professional practice, higher attendance at the educational meetings was associated with larger adjusted RDs (P < 0.01); mixed interactive and didactic education meetings (median adjusted RD 13.6) were more effective than either didactic meetings (RD 6.9) or interactive meetings (RD 3.0). Educational meetings did not appear to be effective for complex behaviours (adjusted RD -0.3) compared to less complex behaviours; they appeared to be less effective for less serious outcomes (RD 2.9) than for more serious outcomes.

Authors' conclusions: Educational meetings alone or combined with other interventions, can improve professional practice and healthcare outcomes for the patients. The effect is most likely to be small and similar to other types of continuing medical education, such as audit and feedback, and educational outreach visits. Strategies to increase attendance at educational meetings, using mixed interactive and didactic formats, and focusing on outcomes that are likely to be perceived as serious may increase the effectiveness of educational meetings. Educational meetings alone are not likely to be effective for changing complex behaviours.

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Conflict of interest statement

None

Figures

1
1
Box plot of adjusted risk difference (RD) versus the type of education
2
2
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

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    1. Premaratne UN, Sterne JA, Marks GB, Webb JR, Azima H, Burney PG. Clustered randomised trial of an intervention to improve the management of asthma: Greenwich asthma study. BMJ 1999;318(7193):1251‐5. - PMC - PubMed
Proctor 1999 {published data only}
    1. Proctor R, Burns A, Powell HS, Tarrier N, Faragher B, Richardson G, et al. Behavioural management in nursing and residential homes: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1999;354(9172):26‐9. - PubMed
Quirk 1991 {published data only}
    1. Quirk M, Ockene J, Kristeller J, Goldberg R, Donnelly G, Amick T, et al. Training family practice and internal medicine residents to counsel patients who smoke: improvement and retention of counseling skills. Family Medicine 1991;23:108‐11. - PubMed
Ratanajamit 2002 {published data only}
    1. Ratanajamit C, Chongsuvivatwong V, Geater AF. A randomized controlled educational intervention on emergency contraception among drugstore personnel in southern Thailand. Journal of the American Medical Women's Association 2002;57(4):196‐9. - PubMed
Ravaud 2004 {published data only}
    1. Ravaud P, Keïta H, Porcher R, Durand‐Stocco C, Desmonts JM, Mantz J. Randomized clinical trial to assess the effect of an educational programme designed to improve nurses' assessment and recording of postoperative pain. The British Journal of Surgery 2004;91(6):692‐8. - PubMed
Roter 1990 {published data only}
    1. Roter DL, Cole KA, Kern DE, Barker LR, Grayson M. An evaluation of residency training in interviewing skills and the psychosocial domain of medical practice. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1990;5:347‐54. - PubMed
Ruiz Moral 2001 {published data only}
    1. Ruiz Moral R, Munoz Alamo M, Alba Jurado M, Perula de Torres L. Effectiveness of a learner‐centred training programme for primary care physicians in using a patient‐centred consultation style. Family Practice 2001;18(1):60. - PubMed
Saturno 1995 {published data only}
    1. Saturno PJ. Training health professionals to implement quality improvement activities: results of a randomized controlled trial after one year of follow‐up. International Journal for Quality in Health Care 1995;7:119‐26. - PubMed
Sibley 1982 {published data only}
    1. Sibley JC, Sackett DL, Neufeld V, Gerrard B, Rudnick V, Fraser W. A randomized trial of continuing medical education. New England Journal of Medicine 1982;306:511‐5. - PubMed
Stross 1983 {published data only}
    1. Stross JK. Maintaining competency in advanced cardiac life support skills. JAMA 1983;249:3339‐41. - PubMed
Sulmasy 1992 {published data only}
    1. Sulmasy DP, Geller G, Faden R, Levine DM. The quality of mercy: caring for patients with 'do not resuscitate' orders. JAMA 1992;267:682‐6. - PubMed
Terry 1981 {published data only}
    1. Terry PB, Wang VL, Flynn BS, Cuthie J, Salim JH, Windsor RA, et al. A continuing medical education program in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases: design and outcome. The American Review of Respiratory Disease 1981;123:42‐6. - PubMed
Tziraki 2000 {published data only}
    1. Tziraki C, Graubard BI, Manley M, Kosary C, Moler JE, Edwards BK. Effect of training on adoption of cancer prevention nutrition‐related activities by primary care practices: results of a randomized, controlled study. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2000;15(3):155‐62. - PMC - PubMed
Wedge 2005 {published data only}
    1. Wedge C, Gosney M. Pressure‐relieving equipment: promoting its correct use amongst nurses via differing modes of educational delivery. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2005;14(4):473‐8. - PubMed
Zwar 1995 {published data only}
    1. Zwar NA, Gordon JJ, Sanson‐Fisher RW. Evaluation of an educational program in rational prescribing for GP trainees. Australian Family Physician 1995;24:833‐8. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Akici 2004 {published data only}
    1. Akici A, Kalaca S, Ugurlu MU, Karaalp A, Cali S, Oktay S. Impact of a short postgraduate course in rational pharmacotherapy for general practitioners. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2004;57(3):310‐21. - PMC - PubMed
Alder 2007 {published data only}
    1. Alder J, Christen R, Zemp E, Bitzer J. Communication skills training in obstetrics and gynaecology: Whom should we train? A randomized controlled trial. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2007;276(6):605‐12. - PubMed
Almeida 2000 {published data only}
    1. Almeida Neto AC, Benrimoj SI, Kavanagh DJ, Boakes RA. Novel educational training program for community pharmacists. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 2000;64(3):302‐307.
Avlund 2007 {published data only}
    1. Avlund K, Vass M, Kvist K, Hendriksen C, Keiding N. Educational intervention toward preventive home visitors reduced functional decline in community‐living older women. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2007;60(9):954‐962. - PubMed
Awad 2006 {published data only}
    1. Awad AI, Eltayeb IB, Baraka OZ. Changing antibiotics prescribing practices in health centers of Khartoum State, Sudan. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2006;62(2):135‐142. - PubMed
Benrimoj 2003 {published data only}
    1. Benrimoj SI, Langford JH, Berry G, Collins D, Lauchlan R, Stewart K, Ward PR. Clinical intervention rates in community pharmacy: A randomised trial of the effect of education and a professional allowance. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 2003;11(2):71‐80.
Bernal‐Delgado 2002 {published data only}
    1. Bernal‐Delgado E, Galeote‐Mayor M, Pradas‐Arnal F, Moreno S. Evidence based educational outreach visits: Effects on prescriptions of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2002;56(9):653‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Bruce 2007 {published data only}
    1. Bruce ML, Brown EL, Raue PJ, Mlodzianowski AE, Meyers BS, Leon AC, et al. A randomized trial of depression assessment intervention in home health care. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2007;55(11):1793‐1800. - PubMed
Cabana 2006 {published data only}
    1. Cabana MD, Slish KK, Evans D, Mellins RB, Brown RW, Lin X, et al. Impact of physician asthma care education on patient outcomes. Pediatrics 2006;117(6):2149‐57. - PubMed
Chassany 2006 {published data only}
    1. Chassany O, Boureau F, Liard F, Bertin P, Serrie A, Ferran P, et al. Effects of training on general practitioners' management of pain in osteoarthritis: A randomized multicenter study. Journal of Rheumatology 2006;33(9):1827‐34. - PubMed
Chossis 2007 {published data only}
    1. Chossis I, Lane C, Gache P, Michaud PA, Pecoud A, Rollnick S, Daeppen JB. Effect of training on primary care residents' performance in brief alcohol intervention: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2007;22(8):1144‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Chuc 2002 {published data only}
    1. Chuc NTK, Larsson M, Do NT, Diwan VK, Tomson GB, Falkenberg T. Improving private pharmacy practice: A multi‐intervention experiment in Hanoi, Vietnam. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2002;55(11):1148‐55. - PubMed
Colon‐Emeric 2007 {published data only}
    1. Colon‐Emeric CS, Lyles KW, House P, Levine DA, Schenck AP, Allison J, et al. Randomized trial to improve fracture prevention in nursing home residents. American Journal of Medicine 2007;120(10):886‐92. - PMC - PubMed
Daniels 2005 {published data only}
    1. Daniels EC, Bacon J, Denisio S, Fry YW, Murray V, Quarshie A, Rust G. Translation squared: improving asthma care for high‐disparity populations through a safety net practice‐based research network. Journal of Asthma 2005;42(6):499‐505. - PubMed
Delvaux 2004 {published data only}
    1. Delvaux N, Razavi D, Marchal S, Bredart A, Farvacques C, Slachmuylder JL. Effects of a 105 hours psychological training program on attitudes, communication skills and occupational stress in oncology: A randomised study. British Journal of Cancer 2004;90(1):106‐14. - PMC - PubMed
Dolovich 2007 {published data only}
    1. Dolovich L, Sabharwal M, Agro K, Foster G, Lee A, McCarthy L, Willan AR. The effect of pharmacist education on asthma treatment plans for simulated patients. Pharmacy World and Science 2007;29(3):228‐39. - PubMed
Downs 2006 {published data only}
    1. Downs M, Turner S, Bryans M, Wilcock J, Keady J, Levin E, et al. Effectiveness of educational interventions in improving detection and management of dementia in primary care: Cluster randomised controlled study. BMJ 2006;332(7543):692‐5. - PMC - PubMed
Dunkley 1997 {published data only}
    1. Dunkley J. Training midwives to help pregnant women stop smoking. Nursing Times 1997;93(5):64‐6. - PubMed
Fordis 2005 {published data only}
    1. Fordis M, King JE, Ballantyne CM, Jones PH, Schneider KH, Spann SJ, et al. Comparison of the instructional efficacy of internet‐based CME with live interactive CME workshops: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005;294(9):1043‐51. - PubMed
Foster 2007 {published data only}
    1. Foster JM, Hoskins G, Smith B, Lee AJ, Price D, Pinnock H. Practice development plans to improve the primary care management of acute asthma: randomised controlled trial. BMC Family Practice 2007;8:23. - PMC - PubMed
Foy 2004 {published data only}
    1. Foy R, Penney GC, Grimshaw JM, Ramsay CR, Walker AE, MacLennan G, et al. A randomised controlled trial of a tailored multifaceted strategy to promote implementation of a clinical guideline on induced abortion care. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2004;111(7):726‐33. - PubMed
Friedmann 2006 {published data only}
    1. Friedmann PD, Rose J, Hayaki J, Ramsey S, Charuvastra A, Dube C, et al. Training primary care clinicians in maintenance care for moderated alcohol use. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2006;21(12):1269‐75. - PMC - PubMed
Frostholm 2005 {published data only}
    1. Frostholm L, Fink P, Oernboel E, Christensen KS, Toft T, Olesen F, Weinman J. The uncertain consultation and patient satisfaction: The impact of patients' illness perceptions and a randomized controlled trial on the training of physicians' communication skills. Psychosomatic Medicine 2005;67(6):897‐905. - PubMed
Gielen 2001 {published data only}
    1. Gielen AC, Wilson ME, McDonald EM, Serwint JR, Andrews JS, Hwang WT, Wang MC. Randomized trial of enhanced anticipatory guidance for injury prevention. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2001;155:42‐9. - PubMed
Gunn 2003 {published data only}
    1. Gunn J, Southern D, Chondros P, Thomson P, Robertson K. Guidelines for assessing postnatal problems: Introducing evidence‐based guidelines in Australian general practice. Family Practice 2003;20(4):382‐9. - PubMed
Heatley 2005 {published data only}
    1. Heatley C, Ricketts T, Forrest J. Training general practitioners in cognitive behavioural therapy for panic disorder: Randomized‐controlled trial. Journal of Mental Health 2005;14(1):73‐82.
Heaven 2006 {published data only}
    1. Heaven C, Clegg J, Maguire P. Transfer of communication skills training from workshop to workplace: The impact of clinical supervision. Patient Education and Counseling 2006;60(3):313‐25. - PubMed
Heller 2001 1 {published data only}
    1. Heller RF, D'Este C, im LL, O'Connell RL, Powell H. Randomised controlled trial to change the hospital management of unstable angina. The Medical Journal of Australia 2001;174:217‐21. - PubMed
Hench 2005 {published data only}
    1. Hench KD, Shults J, Benyi T, Clow C, Delaune J, Gilluly K, et al. Effect of educational preparation on the accuracy of linear growth measurement in pediatric primary care practices: results of a multicenter nursing study. Journal of Pediatric Nursing 2005;20(2):64‐74. - PubMed
Herbert 2004 {published data only}
    1. Herbert CP, Wright JM, Maclure M, Wakefield J, Dormuth C, Brett‐MacLean P, et al. Better Prescribing Project: A randomized controlled trial of the impact of case‐based educational modules and personal prescribing feedback on prescribing for hypertension in primary care. Family Practice 2004;21(5):575‐81. - PubMed
Hobma 2006 {published data only}
    1. Hobma S, Ram P, Muijtjens A, Vleuten C, Grol R. Effective improvement of doctor‐patient communication: a randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of General Practice 2006;56(529):580‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Hubacher 2006 {published data only}
    1. Hubacher D, Vilchez R, Gmach R, Jarquin C, Medrano J, Gadea A, et al. The impact of clinician education on IUD uptake, knowledge and attitudes: results of a randomized trial. Contraception 2006;73(6):628‐33. - PubMed
Huizing 2006 {published data only}
    1. Huizing AR, Hamers JP, Gulpers MJ, Berger MP. Short‐term effects of an educational intervention on physical restraint use: a cluster randomized trial. BMC Geriatrics 2006;6:17. - PMC - PubMed
Jain 2006 {published data only}
    1. Jain MK, Heyland D, Dhaliwal R, Day AG, Drover J, Keefe L, Gelula M. Dissemination of the Canadian clinical practice guidelines for nutrition support: Results of a cluster randomized controlled trial. Critical Care Medicine 2006;34(9):2362‐9. - PubMed
Lakkireddy 2007 {published data only}
    1. Lakkireddy DR, Basarakodu KR, Vacek JL, Kondur AK, Ramachandruni SK, Esterbrooks DJ, et al. Improving death certificate completion: A trial of two training interventions. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2007;22(4):544‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Lo 2006 {published data only}
    1. Lo Fo Wong SH, Wester F, Mol SSL, Lagro‐Janssen TLM. Increased awareness of intimate partner abuse after training: A randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of General Practice 2006;56(525):249‐57. - PMC - PubMed
Masika 2006 {published data only}
    1. Masika PM, Semarundu WJ, Urassa R, Mosha J, Chandramohan D, Gosling RD. Over‐diagnosis of malaria is not a lost cause. Malaria Journal 2006;5:120. - PMC - PubMed
Merckaert 2005 {published data only}
    1. Merckaert I, Libert Y, Delvaux N, Marchal S, Boniver J, Etienne AM, et al. Factors that influence physicians' detection of distress in patients with cancer: Can a communication skills training program improve physicians' detection?. Cancer 2005;104(2):411‐21. - PubMed
Metlay 2007 {published data only}
    1. Metlay JP, Camargo J, MacKenzie T, McCulloch C, Maselli J, Levin SK, et al. Cluster‐randomized trial to improve antibiotic use for adults with acute respiratory infections treated in emergency departments. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2007;50(3):221‐30. - PubMed
Middleton 2006 {published data only}
    1. Middleton JF, McKinley RK, Gillies CL. Effect of patient completed agenda forms and doctors' education about the agenda on the outcome of consultations: Randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2006;332(7552):1238‐41. - PMC - PubMed
Miller 2004 {published data only}
    1. Miller WR, Yahne CE, Moyers TB, Martinez J, Pirritano M. A randomized trial of methods to help clinicians learn motivational interviewing. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2004;72(6):1050‐62. - PubMed
Molander 2007 {published data only}
    1. Molander A, Caplan D, Bergenholtz G, Reit C. Improved quality of root fillings provided by general dental practitioners educated in nickel‐titanium rotary instrumentation. International Endodontic Journal 2007;40(4):254‐60. - PubMed
Molina 2005 {published data only}
    1. Molina LT, Dominguez Camacho JC, Santos Lozano JM, Carbonell CA, Sanchez AJ, Paz Leon ML. Efficacy of educational sessions to modify the prescription of new drugs [Spanish]. Atencion Primaria 2005;36(7):367‐72. - PMC - PubMed
Monegal 2007 {published data only}
    1. Monegal AR. Educational intervention to promote the screening of tuberculosis in primary care: Randomized clinical trial with assigned clusters. [Spanish]. FMC Formacion Medica Continuada en Atencion Primaria 2007;14(9):598.
Morrison 2005 {published data only}
    1. Morrison RS, Chichin E, Carter J, Burack O, Lantz M, Meier DE. The effect of a social work intervention to enhance advance care planning documentation in the nursing home. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2005;53(2):290. - PubMed
Nielsen 2007 {published data only}
    1. Nielsen PE, Goldman MB, Mann S, Shapiro DE, Marcus RG, Pratt SD, et al. Effects of teamwork training on adverse outcomes and process of care in labor and delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;109(1):48‐55. - PubMed
Pagaiya 2005 {published data only}
    1. Pagaiya N, Garner P. Primary care nurses using guidelines in Thailand: A randomized controlled trial. Tropical Medicine and International Health 2005;10(5):471‐7. - PubMed
Pelto 2004 {published data only}
    1. Pelto GH, Santos I, Goncalves H, Victora C, Martines J, Habicht JP. Nutrition counseling training changes physician behavior and improves caregiver knowledge acquisition. Journal of Nutrition 2004;134(2):357‐62. - PubMed
Pennington 2005 {published data only}
    1. Pennington L, Roddam H, Burton C, Russell I, Godfrey C, Russell D. Promoting research use in speech and language therapy: A cluster randomized controlled trial to compare the clinical effectiveness and costs of two training strategies. Clinical Rehabilitation 2005;19(4):387‐97. - PubMed
Rahme 2005 {published data only}
    1. Rahme E, Choquette D, Beaulieu M, Bessette L, Joseph L, Toubouti Y, Lelorier J. Impact of a general practitioner educational intervention on osteoarthritis treatment in an elderly population. American Journal of Medicine 2005;118(11):1262‐70. - PubMed
Ray 2005 {published data only}
    1. Ray WA, Taylor JA, Brown AK, Gideon P, Hall K, Arbogast P, Meredith S. Prevention of fall‐related injuries in long‐term care: A randomized controlled trial of staff education. Archives of Internal Medicine 2005;165(19):2293‐8. - PubMed
Razavi 2003 {published data only}
    1. Razavi D, Merckaert I, Marchal S, Libert Y, Conradt S, Boniver J, et al. How to optimize physicians' communication skills in cancer care: Results of a randomized study assessing the usefulness of posttraining consolidation workshops. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2003;21(16):3141‐9. - PubMed
Rief 2006 {published data only}
    1. Rief W, Martin A, Rauh E, Zech T, Bender A. Evaluation of general practitioners' training: how to manage patients with unexplained physical symptoms. Psychosomatics 2006;47(4):304‐11. - PubMed
Robison 2007 {published data only}
    1. Robison J, Curry L, Gruman C, Porter M, Henderson J, Pillemer K. Partners in caregiving in a special care environment: Cooperative communication between staff and families on dementia units. Gerontologist 2007;47(4):504‐15. - PubMed
Romero 2005 {published data only}
    1. Romero A, Alonso C, Marin I, Grimshaw J, Villar E, Rincon M, et al. Effectiveness of a multifactorial strategy for implementing clinical guidelines on unstable angina: Cluster randomized trial. [Spanish]. Revista Espanola de Cardiologia 2005;58(6):640‐8. - PubMed
Rosendal 2007 {published data only}
    1. Rosendal M, Olesen F, Fink P, Toft T, Sokolowski I, Bro F. A randomized controlled trial of brief training in the assessment and treatment of somatization in primary care: effects on patient outcome. General Hospital Psychiatry 2007;29(4):364‐73. - PubMed
Rothschild 2007 {published data only}
    1. Rothschild JM, McGurk S, Honour M, Lu L, McClendon AA, Srivastava P, et al. Assessment of education and computerized decision support interventions for improving transfusion practice. Transfusion 2007;47(2):228‐39. - PubMed
Ruiz 2003 {published data only}
    1. Ruiz MR, Rodriguez Salvador JJ, Perula de TL, Prados Castillejo JA. Effectiveness of a clinical interviewing training program for family practice residents: A randomized controlled trial. Family Medicine 2003;35(7):489‐95. - PubMed
Schouten 2005 {published data only}
    1. Schouten BC, Meeuwesen L, Harmsen HAM. The impact of an intervention in intercultural communication on doctor‐patient interaction in the Netherlands. Patient Education and Counseling 2005;58(3):288‐95. - PubMed
Shilling 2003 {published data only}
    1. Shilling V, Jenkins V, Fallowfield L. Factors affecting patient and clinician satisfaction with the clinical consultation: Can communication skills training for clinicians improve satisfaction?. Psycho‐Oncology 2003;12(6):599‐611. - PubMed
Shuval 2007 {published data only}
    1. Shuval K, Berkovits E, Netzer D, Hekselman I, Linn S, Brezis M, Reis S. Evaluating the impact of an evidence‐based medicine educational intervention on primary care doctors' attitudes, knowledge and clinical behaviour: A controlled trial and before and after study. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2007;13(4):581‐98. - PubMed
Smits 2003 {published data only}
    1. Smits PB, Buisonje CD, Verbeek JH, Dijk FJ, Metz JC, Cate OJ. Problem‐based learning versus lecture‐based learning in postgraduate medical education. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 2003;29(4):280‐7. - PubMed
Steinemann 2005 {published data only}
    1. Steinemann S, Roytman T, Chang J, Holzman J, Hishinuma E, Nagoshi M, et al. Impact of education on smoking cessation counseling by surgical residents. American Journal of Surgery 2005;189(1):44‐6. - PubMed
Stevenson 2006 {published data only}
    1. Stevenson K, Lewis M, Hay E. Does physiotherapy management of low back pain change as a result of an evidence‐based educational programme?. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2006;12(3):365‐75. - PubMed
Stewart 2007 {published data only}
    1. Stewart M, Brown JB, Hammerton J, Donner A, Gavin A, Holliday RL, et al. Improving communication between doctors and breast cancer patients. Annals of Family Medicine 2007;5(5):387‐94. - PMC - PubMed
Strang 2007 {published data only}
    1. Strang J, Hunt C, Gerada C, Marsden J. What difference does training make? A randomized trial with waiting‐list control of general practitioners seeking advanced training in drug misuse. Addiction 2007;102(10):1637‐47. - PubMed
Sullivan 2005 {published data only}
    1. Sullivan SD, Lee TA, Blough DK, Finkelstein JA, Lozano P, Inui TS, et al. A multisite randomized trial of the effects of physician education and organizational change in chronic asthma care: Cost‐effectiveness analysis of the Pediatric Asthma Care Patient Outcomes Research Team II (PAC‐PORT II). Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2005;159(5):428‐34. - PubMed
Teri 2005 {published data only}
    1. Teri L, Huda P, Gibbons L, Young H, Leynseele J. STAR: a dementia‐specific training program for staff in assisted living residences. Gerontologist 2005;45(5):686‐93. - PubMed
Testad 2005 {published data only}
    1. Testad I, Aasland AM, Aarsland D. The effect of staff training on the use of restraint in dementia: A single‐blind randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2005;20(6):587‐90. - PubMed
Thayer 1997 {published data only}
    1. Thayer AT. Effects of two intervention strategies on the behavior of nurses and nurse students related to advance directives. Florida International University, 1997.
Thom 2006 {published data only}
    1. Thom DH, Tirado MD, Woon TL, McBride MR. Development and evaluation of a cultural competency training curriculum. BMC Medical Education 2006;6:38. - PMC - PubMed
Tilley 2005 {published data only}
    1. Tilley C, McIntosh E, Bahrami M, Clarkson J, Deery C, Pitts N. An economic analysis of implementing the SIGN third molar guideline: implications for the design and analysis of implementation studies. Journal of Health Services & Research Policy 2005;10(3):143‐9. - PubMed
Vacek 2004 {published data only}
    1. Vacek JL. Practice‐based continuing education combined with process improvement methods improves delivery of preventive services to children. Evidence‐Based Healthcare 2004;8(4):177‐9.
Vass 2005 {published data only}
    1. Vass M, Avlund K, Lauridsen J, Hendriksen C. Feasible model for prevention of functional decline in older people: municipality‐randomized, controlled trial. [See comment]. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2005;53(4):563‐8. - PubMed
Walker 2006 {published data only}
    1. Walker BL, Harrington SS, Cole CS. The usefulness of computer‐based instruction in providing educational opportunities for nursing staff. Journal for Nurses in Staff Development 2006;22(3):144‐9. - PubMed
Watson 2002 {published data only}
    1. Watson E, Clements A, Lucassen A, Yudkin P, Mackay J, Austoker J. Education improves general practitioner (GP) management of familial breast/ovarian cancer: findings from a cluster randomised controlled trial. Journal of Medical Genetics 2002;39(10):779‐81. - PMC - PubMed
Winkelstein 2006 {published data only}
    1. Winkelstein ML, Quartey R, Pham L, Lewis‐Boyer L, Lewis C, Hill K, Butz A. Asthma education for rural school nurses: resources, barriers, and outcomes. Journal of School Nursing 2006;22(3):170‐7. - PubMed

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