Experimental models of hepatocellular carcinoma: developments and evolution

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies in the world. The biological mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis and progression are poorly understood. Experimental models of HCC provide valuable tools to evaluate the risk factors, new treatment modalities and biologic characteristics. Under the constant evolution in model design and technology development, new experimental models continue to emerge, including spontaneous models, induced models, viral models, transplantable models, and genetically engineered models. These models are used as tools to investigate basic biological mechanisms of growth and differentiation, oncogene function, and as systems to test new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Each model has its own advantages and disadvantages. The progress in HCC model construction and studies are summarized in this review.

Fig. 1

Models of HCC: xenografts models are established by implanting human liver cells or tissues in immunocompromised animals which are divided into ectopic and orthotopic groups by graft sites of tumor. Tumors originated in the same strain in syngenic models which develop by hepatocarcinogen, virus and genetic modification