Refining the 22q11.2 deletion breakpoints in DiGeorge syndrome by aCGH

Abstract

Hemizygous deletions of the chromosome 22q11.2 region result in the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome also referred to as DiGeorge, Velocardiofacial or Shprintzen syndromes. The phenotype is variable but commonly includes conotruncal cardiac defects, palatal abnormalities, learning and behavioral problems, immune deficiency, and facial anomalies. Four distinct highly homologous blocks of low copy number repeat sequences (LCRs) flank the deletion region. Mispairing of LCRs during meiosis with unequal meiotic exchange is assumed to cause the recurrent and consistent deletions. The proximal LCR is reportedly located at 22q11.2 from 17.037 to 17.083 Mb while the distal LCR is located from 19.835 to 19.880 Mb. Although the chromosome breakpoints are thought to localize to the LCRs, the positions of the breakpoints have been investigated in only a few individuals. Therefore, we used high resolution oligonucleotide-based 244K microarray comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) to resolve the breakpoints in a cohort of 20 subjects with known 22q11.2 deletions. We also investigated copy number variation (CNV) in the rest of the genome. The 22q11.2 breaks occurred on either side of the LCR in our subjects, although more commonly on the distal side of the reported proximal LCR. The proximal breakpoints in our subjects spanned the region from 17.036 to 17.398 Mb. This region includes the genes DGCR6 (DiGeorge syndrome critical region protein 6) and PRODH (proline dehydrogenase 1), along with three open reading frames that may encode proteins of unknown function. The distal breakpoints spanned the region from 19.788 to 20.122 Mb. This region includes the genes GGT2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase-like protein 2), HIC2 (hypermethylated in cancer 2), and multiple transcripts of unknown function. The genes in these two breakpoint regions are variably hemizygous depending on the location of the breakpoints. Our 20 subjects had 254 CNVs throughout the genome, 94 duplications and 160 deletions, ranging in size from 1 kb to 2.4 Mb. The presence or absence of genes at the breakpoints depending on the size of the deletion plus variation in the rest of the genome due to CNVs likely contribute to the variable phenotype associated with the 22q11.2 deletion or DiGeorge syndrome.

Fig. 1

Representative example of array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) using the Agilent 244K array showing a chromosome 22q11.2 deletion in one of our subjects.

Fig. 2

Results of analysis of subjects with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome using the Agilent 244K array. Breakpoint positions (start and stop) are shown on the ends and total deletion size is shown in the middle of bar.

Fig. 3

Human chromosome ideograms showing regions of copy number variation (deletion and/or duplication) observed in high resolution (244K) whole genome hybridization (aCGH) analysis of 20 subjects with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome excluding the 22q11.2 deletion seen in this cytogenetic syndrome. Deletions are shown in green on the right side of each chromosome ideogram and duplications in red on the left. Numbers indicate the frequency of copy number variants (CNVs) observed in the subjects studied.