Dietary intervention strategies to enhance zinc nutrition: promotion and support of breastfeeding for infants and young children

Abstract

Breastmilk is the only dietary source of zinc for exclusively breastfed young infants, and it remains a potentially important source of zinc for older infants and young children who continue breastfeeding beyond early infancy. Therefore, we examined available information on breastmilk zinc concentration and total milk consumption to develop estimates of the amount of zinc transferred in breastmilk to children of different ages. Breastmilk zinc concentration declines rapidly during the first few months postpartum and more slowly thereafter. Breastmilk supplies all of the theoretical zinc needs for at least the first several months of life, although the period during which breastmilk alone remains sufficient is uncertain. Breastmilk continues to provide more than half of children's estimated zinc requirements after the introduction of complementary foods, even into the second year of life. Public health programs to promote and support breastfeeding should be included among the strategies to ensure adequate zinc status of young children.

FIG. 1

Distribution of breastmilk zinc concentration according to time postpartum, and effects of different mathematical transformations of data. Data provided by Krebs et al, [28]

FIG. 2

Breastmilk zinc concentration according to time postpartum, all studies. Ln(Zn concentration) = 0.975 −0.501*ln(age) − 0.063* ln (age)²

FIG. 3

Simulated mean and 95% prediction interval of daily zinc transfer in breastmilk to exclusively breastfed infants according to infant age

FIG. 4

Simulated mean and 95% prediction interval of daily zinc transfer in breastmilk to partially breastfed children according to age