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Review
. 2009 Jun 9;180(12):1221-4.
doi: 10.1503/cmaj.080148.

The emergence of Lyme disease in Canada

Nicholas H Ogden  1 , L Robbin Lindsay, Muhammad Morshed, Paul N Sockett, Harvey Artsob
Affiliations
Review

The emergence of Lyme disease in Canada

Nicholas H Ogden et al. CMAJ. .

Erratum in

  • CMAJ. 2009 Sep 1;181(5):291
No abstract available

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The life stages of the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis, which transmits Lyme disease. Nymphs (left-hand photograph) and adult females (right-hand photograph) are shown in various stages of engorgement from unfed (at the right of each picture) to fully engorged (at the left of each picture). The western blacklegged tick, Ixodes pacificus, is morphologically very similar to I. scapularis.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The distribution of Ixodes scapularis, reflecting information submitted to provincial and federal public health agencies from January 1990 to December 2003 and to the Lyme Disease Association of Ontario for 1993 to 1999 (red circles are centred on the centroid of the census subdivision from which the reports were submitted). Census subdivisions where resident populations of I. scapularis are currently known to occur are indicated by arrows, and the census subdivision containing the only I. scapularis population that was known in 1991 is indicated by the yellow arrow. Reproduced, with permission, from the Entomological Society of America.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Annual number of cases of Lyme disease reported voluntarily by the provinces and territories since the late 1980s. Cases of Lyme disease in British Columbia were probably transmitted by Ixodes pacificus, whereas cases from all other provinces with cases that were potentially locally acquired (i.e., Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador) were probably associated with Ixodes scapularis. Cases affecting patients with a history of travel to an endemic area outside Canada during the period when they likely acquired the infection are considered travel-related or nonendemic. Reproduced with permission from the Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2008.
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