Dopamine transporter genotype and stimulant side effect factors in youth diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Abstract

The dopamine transporter locus (DAT1) has been studied as a risk factor for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and in pharmacogenetic studies of stimulant response. Several prospective studies have reported an association between the homozygous 9 repeat allele of the DAT1 3' untranslated region (UTR) variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) (DAT1 3') and decreased efficacy of methylphenidate (MPH). We hypothesized that children with the 9/9 genotype would display higher rates of specific stimulant side effects. Data on adverse events and DAT1 3' genotypes were combined from two, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover studies of MPH conducted in child psychiatric outpatient clinics in Montreal and Washington, D.C. There were 177 participants, 5-16 years old (mean age = 8.99, standard deviation [SD] = 2), with ADHD. Parents completed the Stimulant Side Effect Scale (SERS) after a week of placebo and a week of MPH treatment. Principal components analysis of the SERS resulted in three factors: Emotionality, Somatic Complaints, and Over-focused. Children with the 9/9 genotype displayed higher scores on the Emotionality factor during placebo than children with the 9/10 and the 10/10 genotype, and their Emotionality scores increased further during MPH treatment (F[2,151] = 3.24, p < 0.05). Children with the 10/10 genotype displayed a significant increase in Somatic Complaint factor scores during MPH treatment relative to the other genotype groups (F[2,150] = 3.4, p < 0.05). These data provide suggestive evidence that DAT1 variants are differentially associated with specific stimulant side effects. Children with the 9/10 genotype displayed less severe stimulant side-effect ratings than either of the homozygous groups, who each displayed increased susceptibility to different types of adverse events. Preliminary evidence suggests that pharmacogenetic analysis using DAT1 variants shows promise for identifying individuals at increased or decreased risk for poor tolerability.

FIG. 1.

Emotionality factor scores for DAT1 genotypes groups during placebo and MPH Treatment. DAT1= Dopamine transporter gene; MPH = methylphenidate; SE =standard error.

FIG. 2.

Somatic complaint scores for DAT1 genotype groups during placebo and MPH treatment. DAT1 =Dopamine transporter gene; MPH = methylphenidate; SE =standard error.