Cancer prevention research - then and now

Abstract

Throughout history, humankind has won the battle against deadly diseases, including small pox and polio, by defeating them through prevention. Cancer prevention is a global priority, but studying history suggests that the journey towards achieving this goal is difficult and full of detours and roadblocks. Epidemiology and clinical evidence clearly indicate that specific genetic, environmental and behavioural factors are associated with an increased risk for cancer development. What can we learn from the past that is applicable to the reality of successful cancer prevention?

Figure 1. Anticancer effects of diet

Hundreds of whole foods and dietary factors, especially fruits, vegetables and their diverse components, have been suggested to exert potent anticancer activities, but as yet none have been verified to be effective in clinical trials.

Figure 2. Prevention relies on etiology

An observation (etiology) is associated with a disease and then steps are taken to prevent that disease. In cancer, smoking, sunlight, arsenic, environmental carcinogens, viruses, poor diet and lack of exercise are all etiological factors. Many cancers can be prevented by avoiding these factors.

Figure 3. Strategy for eliminating cancer

The complete strategy for the elimination of cancer requires the blending of early detection, treatment, and prevention. None can be effective independently of the others.