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. 2009 Aug;47(8):2643-6.
doi: 10.1128/JCM.00262-09. Epub 2009 Jun 24.

Emergence of European avian influenza virus-like H1N1 swine influenza A viruses in China

Jinhua Liu  1 , Yuhai Bi, Kun Qin, Guanghua Fu, Jun Yang, Jinshan Peng, Guangpeng Ma, Qinfang Liu, Juan Pu, Fulin Tian
Affiliations

Emergence of European avian influenza virus-like H1N1 swine influenza A viruses in China

Jinhua Liu et al. J Clin Microbiol. 2009 Aug.

Abstract

During swine influenza surveillance from 2007 to 2008, 10 H1N1 viruses were isolated and analyzed for their antigenic and phylogenetic properties. Our study revealed the emergence of avian-origin European H1N1 swine influenza virus in China, which highlights the necessity of swine influenza surveillance for potential pandemic preparedness.

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Figures

FIG. 1.
FIG. 1.
Phylogenetic trees of the HA (positions 84 to 1052) (A), NA (positions 21 to 1429) (B), PB2 (positions 1303 to 2207) (C), PB1 (positions 1117 to 1813) (D), PA (positions 747 to 1243) (E), NP (positions 46 to 1542) (F), M (positions 26 to 1007) (G), and NS (positions 27 to 866) (H) genes of the H1N1 influenza A viruses. The trees were generated by the distance-based neighbor-joining method with MEGA 4.1 software. The reliability of the trees was assessed by bootstrap analysis with 1,000 replications, and only bootstrap values of ≥90% are shown. The HA tree was rooted to A/South Carolina/1/18, the NP, NA, M, NS, PB2, and PB1 trees were rooted to A/Brevig Mission/1/1918, and the PA tree was rooted to A/swine/Iowa/15/30. Horizontal distances are proportional to genetic distance. The isolated viruses are in italics, and the viruses in boldface were used to prepare polyclonal antisera in this study. Avian-like, avian influenza virus-like.
FIG. 1.
FIG. 1.
Phylogenetic trees of the HA (positions 84 to 1052) (A), NA (positions 21 to 1429) (B), PB2 (positions 1303 to 2207) (C), PB1 (positions 1117 to 1813) (D), PA (positions 747 to 1243) (E), NP (positions 46 to 1542) (F), M (positions 26 to 1007) (G), and NS (positions 27 to 866) (H) genes of the H1N1 influenza A viruses. The trees were generated by the distance-based neighbor-joining method with MEGA 4.1 software. The reliability of the trees was assessed by bootstrap analysis with 1,000 replications, and only bootstrap values of ≥90% are shown. The HA tree was rooted to A/South Carolina/1/18, the NP, NA, M, NS, PB2, and PB1 trees were rooted to A/Brevig Mission/1/1918, and the PA tree was rooted to A/swine/Iowa/15/30. Horizontal distances are proportional to genetic distance. The isolated viruses are in italics, and the viruses in boldface were used to prepare polyclonal antisera in this study. Avian-like, avian influenza virus-like.
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