Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2009 Jul-Aug;58(4):228-36.
doi: 10.1097/NNR.0b013e3181ac142a.

A new self-report measure of self-management of type 1 diabetes for adolescents

Lynne S Schilling  1 , Jane K Dixon, Kathleen A Knafl, Mary R Lynn, Kathryn Murphy, Susan Dumser, Margaret Grey
Affiliations

A new self-report measure of self-management of type 1 diabetes for adolescents

Lynne S Schilling et al. Nurs Res. 2009 Jul-Aug.

Abstract

Background: The development of instruments to measure self-management in youth with type 1 diabetes has not kept up with current understanding of the concept.

Objective: This study aimed to report the development and the testing of a new self-report measure to assess the Self-Management of Type 1 Diabetes in Adolescents (SMOD-A).

Methods: Following a qualitative study, items were identified and reviewed by experts for content validity. A total of 515 adolescents, 13 to 21 years old, participated in a field study by completing the SMOD-A (either once or twice) and additional measures of diabetes-related self-efficacy (Self-Efficacy for Diabetes Scale), quality of life (Diabetes Quality of Life for Youth Questionnaire), self-management (Diabetes Self-Management Profile), and adherence (Self-Care Inventory). Data were collected also on metabolic control (glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1c]).

Results: The content validity index was .93. Exploratory alpha factor analyses revealed five subscales: Collaboration With Parents, Diabetes Care Activities, Diabetes Problem Solving, Diabetes Communication, and Goals (alpha = .71 to .85). The stability of the SMOD-A ranged from .60 to .88 at 2 weeks (test-retest) to .59 to .85 at 3 months. Correlations of SMOD-A subscales with Self-Efficacy for Diabetes Scale-Diabetes; Diabetes Quality of Life for Youth Questionnaire satisfaction, impact, and worry; Diabetes Self-Management Profile; and Self-Care Inventory were generally significant and in the expected direction. Collaboration with parents and HbA1c values were related significantly and positively (r = .11); all other SMOD-A subscales were related significantly and negatively to HbA1c (r = -.10 to -.26), demonstrating that better self-management is associated somewhat with better metabolic control and supporting construct validity of the new measure.

Discussion: The SMOD-A has been found to be a reliable, stable, and valid measure of SMOD-A.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

figure 1
figure 1
Process of Item Elimination for the SMOD-A
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Beauducel A. On the generalizability of factors: The influence of changing contexts of variables on different methods of factor extraction. Methods of Psychological Research Online. 2001;6(1):69–96. Retrieved January 1, 2009, from http://www.dgps.de/fachgruppen/methoden/mpr-online/issue13/art3/beauduce....
    1. Chui H-J. A test of the Bruhn and Parcel Model of Health Promotion. The Journal of Nursing Research. 2005;13(3):184–196. - PubMed
    1. Cook S, Aikens JE, Berry CA, McNabb WL. Development of the Diabetes Problem-Solving Measure for Adolescents. The Diabetes Educator. 2001;27(6):865–874. - PubMed
    1. Dahl RE. Adolescent brain development: A framework for understanding unique vulnerabilities and opportunities. New York Academy of Sciences; New York: 2003. Keynote address. - PubMed
    1. DeVellis RF. Scale development: Theory and applications. Sage; Thousand Oaks, CA: 2003.

Publication types