Bisphosphonate and nonbisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw: a review

Abstract

Background: The term "osteonecrosis of the jaw" (ONJ) is used almost synonymously with the term "bisphosphonate-associated ONJ." However, necrosis of the jawbones leading to exposure of bone is associated with other factors.

Types of studies reviewed: The authors conducted a literature search using PubMed to identify original research articles and case reports that described oral conditions and associated factors that result in sequestrum formation and bone exposure.

Results: After reviewing conditions that may lead to necrosis of the jawbones, the authors divided the causes of ONJ into the following conditions: systemic medication use; radiation; bacterial, viral and deep fungal infections; direct chemical toxicity; trauma; idiopathy; and other etiologies.

Clinical implications: Clinicians should take a careful history when evaluating patients with ONJ because ONJ may result from one or more factors.