Acute kidney injury after liver, heart, and lung transplants: dialysis modality, predictors of renal function recovery, and impact on survival

Abstract

Recipients of nonrenal organ transplants including the liver, heart, and lung are at risk for developing acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Underlying hepatic or cardiopulmonary failure, prolonged intraoperative hemodynamic instability, and the use of calcineurin inhibitors and nephrotoxic medications have all been suggested to be contributory. The incidence of perioperative AKI has been reported to occur in 17% to 95% in liver transplant recipients, 5% to 30% in heart transplant recipients, and 5% to 60% in recipients of lung transplants. Among those who develop AKI, renal replacement therapy is required in 5% to 35%, 5% to 15%, and 8% to 10% in liver, heart, and lung transplant recipients, respectively. The current article presents an overview of the literature on the choice of dialysis modality and its associated advantages and disadvantages in the management of AKI after liver, heart, and lung transplants. Predictive factors for renal function recovery and the impact of AKI and CKD on survival will also be discussed.