[Hypertension and its therapy in the acute phase of stroke]

Abstract

The elevation of blood pressure above normal and premorbid values within the first 24 hours of symptom onset in patients with stroke is relatively common. This acute hypertensive response is usually managed by different group of physicians, including general practitioners, emergency physicians, neurologists, internists, intensivists. Management strategies of this phenomenon vary considerably. The first consideration in blood pressure management in this clinical setting is to determine whether the patient might be a candidate for thrombolytic therapy. For those patients are not entitled to that therapy premorbid blood pressure values and the type of stroke are the key data for sufficient control of hypertension. In patients with chronic hypertension, the lower end of the autoregulation curve is shifted toward high pressure and an impaired autoregulation due to acute stroke may increase the risk for further brain tissue damage if the blood pressure is inadequately controlled. The current guidelines recommend lowering blood pressure in patients with an intracranial haemorrhage below 160-180/100-105 mmHg, if the patient is normotensive, while the target level is 180/105 mmHg in hypertensive patients. However, in ischaemic stroke no treatment is recommended if systolic blood pressure <220 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure <120 mmHg in the acute stage. Clinical studies are rare which assess the effectiveness of different antihypertensive drugs in acute stroke. The first strong evidence came from the ACCESS (The Acute Candesartan Cilexetil Therapy in Stroke Survivors) trial which suggested that a 7-day course of candesartan after an acute ischaemic stroke significantly improves cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.