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Meta-Analysis
. 2009 Jul 8;2009(3):CD001548.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001548.pub2.

Single dose oral ibuprofen for acute postoperative pain in adults

Christopher Derry  1 , Sheena Derry, R Andrew Moore, Henry J McQuay
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Single dose oral ibuprofen for acute postoperative pain in adults

Christopher Derry et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: This review updates a 1999 Cochrane review showing that ibuprofen at various doses was effective in postoperative pain in single dose studies designed to demonstrate analgesic efficacy. New studies have since been published. Ibuprofen is one of the most widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) analgesics both by prescription and as an over-the-counter medicine. Ibuprofen is used for acute and chronic painful conditions.

Objectives: To assess analgesic efficacy of ibuprofen in single oral doses for moderate and severe postoperative pain in adults.

Search strategy: We searched Cochrane CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Oxford Pain Relief Database for studies to May 2009.

Selection criteria: Randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled trials of single dose orally administered ibuprofen (any formulation) in adults with moderate to severe acute postoperative pain.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. Pain relief or pain intensity data were extracted and converted into the dichotomous outcome of number of participants with at least 50% pain relief over 4 to 6 hours, from which relative risk and number-needed-to-treat-to-benefit (NNT) were calculated. Numbers of participants using rescue medication over specified time periods, and time to use of rescue medication, were sought as additional measures of efficacy. Information on adverse events and withdrawals were collected.

Main results: Seventy-two studies compared ibuprofen and placebo (9186 participants). Studies were predominantly of high reporting quality, and the bulk of the information concerned ibuprofen 200 mg and 400 mg. For at least 50% pain relief compared with placebo the NNT for ibuprofen 200 mg (2690 participants) was 2.7 (2.5 to 3.0) and for ibuprofen 400 mg (6475 participants) it was 2.5 (2.4 to 2.6). The proportion with at least 50% pain relief was 46% with 200 mg and 54% with 400 mg. Remedication within 6 hours was less frequent with higher doses, with 48% remedicating with 200 mg and 42% with 400 mg. The median time to remedication was 4.7 hours with 200 mg and 5.4 hours with 400 mg. Sensitivity analysis indicated that pain model and ibuprofen formulation may both affect the result, with dental impaction models and soluble ibuprofen salts producing better efficacy estimates. Adverse events were uncommon, and not different from placebo.

Authors' conclusions: The very substantial amount of high quality evidence demonstrates that ibuprofen is an effective analgesic in treating postoperative pain. NNTs for 200 mg and 400 mg ibuprofen did not change significantly from the previous review even when a substantial amount of new information was added. New information is provided on remedication.

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Conflict of interest statement

RAM and HJM have consulted for various pharmaceutical companies. RAM and HJM have received lecture fees from pharmaceutical companies related to analgesics and other healthcare interventions. RAM, HJM and SD have received research support from charities, government and industry sources at various times. Support for this review came from Oxford Pain Research, the NHS Cochrane Collaboration Programme Grant Scheme, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Programme.

Figures

1
1
Forest plot of comparison: 3 Ibuprofen 200 mg versus placebo, outcome: 3.1 Participants with at least 50% pain relief over 4 to 6 hours.
2
2
Forest plot of comparison: 4 Ibuprofen 400 mg versus placebo, outcome: 4.1 Participants with at least 50% pain relief over 4 to 6 hours.
3
3
Forest plot of comparison: 4 Ibuprofen 400 mg versus placebo, outcome: 4.2 Participants with at least 50% pain relief over 4 to 6 hours: type of surgery.
4
4
Forest plot of comparison: 4 Ibuprofen 400 mg versus placebo, outcome: 4.3 Participants with at least 50% pain relief over 4 to 6 hours, all surgery: formulation.
5
5
Forest plot of comparison: 4 Ibuprofen 400 mg versus placebo, outcome: 4.4 Participants with at least 50% pain relief over 4 to 6 hours, dental surgery: formulation.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Ibuprofen 50 mg versus placebo, Outcome 1 Participants with at least 50% pain relief over 4 to 6 hours.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Ibuprofen 50 mg versus placebo, Outcome 2 Participants using rescue medication over 6 hours.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Ibuprofen 50 mg versus placebo, Outcome 3 Participants with any adverse event.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Ibuprofen 100 mg versus placebo, Outcome 1 Participants with at least 50% pain relief over 4 to 6 hours.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Ibuprofen 100 mg versus placebo, Outcome 2 Participants using rescue medication over 6 hours.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Ibuprofen 100 mg versus placebo, Outcome 3 Participants with any adverse event.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Ibuprofen 200 mg versus placebo, Outcome 1 Participants with at least 50% pain relief over 4 to 6 hours.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Ibuprofen 200 mg versus placebo, Outcome 2 Participants with at least 50% pain relief over 4 to 6 hours: type of surgery.
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 Ibuprofen 200 mg versus placebo, Outcome 3 Participants with at least 50% pain relief over 4 to 6 hours, all surgery: formulation.
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 Ibuprofen 200 mg versus placebo, Outcome 4 Participants with at least 50% pain relief over 4 to 6 hours, dental surgery: formulation.
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3 Ibuprofen 200 mg versus placebo, Outcome 5 Participants with at least 50% pain relief over 4 to 6 hours, dental surgery: study size.
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3 Ibuprofen 200 mg versus placebo, Outcome 6 Participants using rescue medication over 6 hours.
3.7
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3 Ibuprofen 200 mg versus placebo, Outcome 7 Participants using rescue medication over 6 hours, dental surgery.
3.8
3.8. Analysis
Comparison 3 Ibuprofen 200 mg versus placebo, Outcome 8 Participants using rescue medication over 6 hours, dental surgery: formulation.
3.9
3.9. Analysis
Comparison 3 Ibuprofen 200 mg versus placebo, Outcome 9 Participants with any adverse event.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Ibuprofen 400 mg versus placebo, Outcome 1 Participants with at least 50% pain relief over 4 to 6 hours.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 Ibuprofen 400 mg versus placebo, Outcome 2 Participants with at least 50% pain relief over 4 to 6 hours: type of surgery.
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 Ibuprofen 400 mg versus placebo, Outcome 3 Participants with at least 50% pain relief over 4 to 6 hours, all surgery: formulation.
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 Ibuprofen 400 mg versus placebo, Outcome 4 Participants with at least 50% pain relief over 4 to 6 hours, dental surgery: formulation.
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4 Ibuprofen 400 mg versus placebo, Outcome 5 Participants with at least 50% pain relief over 4 to 6 hours, dental surgery: study size.
4.6
4.6. Analysis
Comparison 4 Ibuprofen 400 mg versus placebo, Outcome 6 Participants using rescue medication over 6 hours.
4.7
4.7. Analysis
Comparison 4 Ibuprofen 400 mg versus placebo, Outcome 7 Participants using rescue medication over 6 hours, dental surgery.
4.8
4.8. Analysis
Comparison 4 Ibuprofen 400 mg versus placebo, Outcome 8 Participants using rescue medication over 6 hours, dental surgery: formulation.
4.9
4.9. Analysis
Comparison 4 Ibuprofen 400 mg versus placebo, Outcome 9 Participants with any adverse event.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Ibuprofen 600 mg versus placebo, Outcome 1 Participants with at least 50% pain relief over 4 to 6 hours.
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 Ibuprofen 800 mg versus placebo, Outcome 1 Participants with at least 50% pain relief over 4 to 6 hours.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

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Van Dyke 2004 {published data only}
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Wideman 1999 (study 1) {published data only}
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Wideman 1999 (study 2) {published data only}
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Zelenakas 2004 {published data only}
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References to studies excluded from this review

Ahlstrom 1989 {published data only}
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Akural 2009 {published data only}
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Apiou 1988 {published data only}
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Aranda 1989 {published data only}
    1. Aranda B, Bor YM. Comparative study between the efficacy of aluminium acetotartrate poultice and diclofenac in the postoperative treatment of degenerative knees [Etude du cataplasme d'acetotartrate d'alumine versus diclofenac dans le traitmente post‐operatoire des genoux degeneratifs]. Comptes Rendus de Therapeutique et de Pharmacologie Clinique 1989;7(80):11‐7.
Averbuch 2000 {published data only}
    1. Averbuch M, Katzper M. Baseline pain and response to analgesic medications in the postsurgery dental pain model. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2000;40:133‐7. - PubMed
Bailey 1993 {published data only}
    1. Bailey BMW, Zaki G, Rotman H, Woodwards RT. A double‐blind comparative study of soluble aspirin and diclofenac dispersible in the control of postextraction pain after removal of impacted third molars. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 1993;22(4):238‐41. - PubMed
Behotas 1992 {published data only}
    1. Behotas S, Chauvin A, Castiel J, Martin A, Boureau F, Barrat J, et al. Analgesic effect of ibuprofen in pain after episiotomy [Effets antalgiques de l'ibuprofene dans les douleurs apres episiotomie]. Annales Françaises d'anesthèsie et de Rèanimation 1992;11(1):22‐6. - PubMed
Bhounsule 1990 {published data only}
    1. Bhounsule SA, Nevreker PR, Agshikar NV, Manindra NP, Dhume VG. A comparison of four analgesics in post‐episiotomy pain. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 1990;34(1):34‐8. - PubMed
Biehl 1981 {published data only}
    1. Biehl G. Preventing postoperative edema with Irritren. Results of a double blind study [Prophylaxe postoperativer Schwellungen mit Irritren. Ergebnisse einer Dopelblind‐Studie]. Fortschritte der Medizin 1981;99(19):745‐8. - PubMed
Bloomfield 1974 {published data only}
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Calanchini 1991 {published data only}
    1. Calanchini B, Gazzaniga A, Ziegler SJ. Pharmacologic and therapeutic properties of a new ibuprofen formula [Pharmakologische und therapeutische eigenschaften einer neuen ibuprofen‐ formulierung]. Therapiewoche Schweiz 1991;7(8):554‐60.
Carlos 1984 {published data only}
    1. Carlos DE. Comparative study of the efficacy of diclofenac NA, meperidine HCL and nalbuphine HCL in post‐operative analgesia. Philippine Journal of Internal Medicine 1984;22(1):51‐5.
Carrillo 1990 {published data only}
    1. Carrillo JS, Calatayud J, Manso FJ, Barberia E, Martinez JM, Donado M. A randomized double blind clinical trial on the effectiveness of helium neon laser in the prevention of pain, swelling and trismus after removal of impacted third molars. International Dental Journal 1990;40(1):31‐6. - PubMed
Chopra 2009 {published data only}
    1. Chopra D, Rehan HS, Mehra P, Kakkar AK. A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study comparing the efficacy and safety of paracetamol, serratiopeptidase, ibuprofen and betamethasone using the dental impaction pain model. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 2009;38(4):350‐5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2008.12.013] - DOI - PubMed
Cooper 1984 {published data only}
    1. Cooper SA. Five studies on ibuprofen for postsurgical dental pain. The American Journal of Medicine 1984;Suppl:70‐7. - PubMed
Cooper 1988b {published data only}
    1. Cooper SA. Ketoprofen in oral surgery pain: a review. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1988;28(12 Suppl):S40‐6. - PubMed
Cooper 1993 {published data only}
    1. Cooper SA, Quinn PD, MacAfee K, Hersh EV, Sullivan D, Lamp C. Ibuprofen controlled‐release formulation. A clinical trial in dental impaction pain. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, and Oral Pathology 1993;75(6):677‐83. - PubMed
Cooper 1996b {published data only}
    1. Cooper SA. Lornoxicam: analgesic efficacy and safety of a new oxicam derivative. Advances in Therapy 1996;13(1):67‐77.
Darsow 1988 {published data only}
    1. Darsow F, Witt M. Treatment of postoperative synovitis following meniscus operations with ibuprofen [Zur Behandlung der postoperativen Synovialitis nach Meniskusoperationen mit Ibuprofen]. Beiträge zur Orthopädie und Traumatologie 1988 Dec;35(12):616‐20. - PubMed
Dorfmann 1991 {published data only}
    1. Dorfmann H. Controlled therapeutic trial of diclofenac in meniscectomy under arthroscopy [Essai therapeutique controle du diclofenac dans les meniscectomies sous arthroscopie]. Revue du Rhumatisme et des Maladies Osteo‐Articulaires 1991;58(1):59‐61. - PubMed
Doyle 2002 {published data only}
    1. Doyle G, Jayawardena S, Ashraf E, Cooper SA. Efficacy and tolerability of nonprescription ibuprofen versus celecoxib for dental pain. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2002;42(8):912‐9. - PubMed
El‐Tanany 1993 {published data only}
    1. El‐Tanany H, Boghdady W. A double blind comparative study of Diclofenac‐K and Glafenine in the management of acute dental pain. Cairo Dental Journal 1993;9(2):117‐20.
Fleiss 1979 {published data only}
    1. Fleiss JL, Chilton NW, Wallenstein S. Ridit analysis in dental clinical studies. Journal of Dental Research 1979;58(11):2080‐4. - PubMed
Forbes 1991 {published data only}
    1. Forbes JA, Moore EM, Allen HW, Beaver WT. Evaluation of an ibuprofen controlled‐release tablet and placebo in postoperative oral surgery pain. Pharmacotherapy 1991;11(3):242‐8. - PubMed
Frezza 1985 {published data only}
    1. Frezza R, Bolognesi P, Bernardi F. Comparison of the action of 3 non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory agents in the control of post‐operative pain. Effectiveness of NSAID against pain [Confronto sull'azione di tre antinfiammatori non steroidei nel controllo de dolore odontoiatrico post‐chirurgico. Efficaci i FANS contro il dolore]. Attualita Dentale 1985;1(30):40‐2. - PubMed
Gallardo 1980 {published data only}
    1. Gallardo F, Rossi E. Double blind evaluation of naproxen and ibuprofen in periodontal surgery. Pharmacology and Therapeutics in Dentistry 1980;5(3‐4):69‐72. - PubMed
Gallardo 1981 {published data only}
    1. Gallardo F, Lobo R, Pino M, Martino LE. Double blind evaluation of naproxen and Ibuprofen in oral surgery outpatients. IRCS Medical Science 1981;9:440‐1.
Garwood 1983 {published data only}
    1. Garwood AJ, Lownie JF, Cleaton Jones PE, Butz SJ. The effect of ibuprofen (Brufen) following the removal of impacted third molar teeth. The Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa = Die Tydskrif van die Tandheelkundige Vereniging van Suid‐Afrika 1983;38(12):739‐42. - PubMed
Giles 1981 {published data only}
    1. Giles AD. Analgesia following dental surgery: a comparison of brufen and distalgesic. The British Journal of Oral Surgery 1981;19(2):105‐11. - PubMed
Giles 1985 {published data only}
    1. Giles AD, Pickvance NJ. Combination analgesia following oral surgery; administered pre‐operatively double blind comparison of ibuprofen, codeine phosphate and two combination ratios. Clinical Trials Journal 1985;22(4):300‐13.
Hazra 1982 {published data only}
    1. Hazra DK, Elhence IP. Double blind comparative trial to study efficacy of various analgesic formulations. Clinician 1982;46(5):218‐22.
Henderson 1994 {published data only}
    1. Henderson RC. A double‐blind comparison of diclofenac potassium and naproxen sodium in the treatment of pain due to orthopedic skeletal surgery. Today's Therapeutic Trends 1994;12(S1):81‐95.
Henrikson 1982 {published data only}
    1. Henrikson PA, Thilander H, Wahlander LA. Absorption and effect of diclofenac‐sodium after surgical removal of a lower wisdom tooth. Current Therapeutic Research 1982;31(1):20‐6.
Henrikson 1985 {published data only}
    1. Henrikson PA, Thilander H, Wahlander LA. Voltaren as an analgesic after surgical removal of a lower wisdom tooth. International Journal of Oral Surgery 1985;14(4):333‐8. - PubMed
Hopkinson 1980 {published data only}
    1. Hopkinson JH. Ibuprofen versus propoxyphene hydrochloride and placebo in the relief of postepisiotomy pain. Current Therapeutic Research 1980;27(1):55‐63.
Hultin 1978 {published data only}
    1. Hultin M, Olander KJ. A clinical trial of the analgesic properties of Voltaren (diclofenac sodium). Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. Supplement 1978;22:42‐5. - PubMed
Hyrkas 1992 {published data only}
    1. Hyrkas T, Ylipaavalniemi P, Oikarinen VJ, Hampf G. Postoperative pain prevention by a single‐dose formulation of diclofenac producing a steady plasma concentration. Journal of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery 1992;50(2):124‐7. - PubMed
Hyrkas 1993 {published data only}
    1. Hyrkas T, Ylipaavalniemi P, Oikarinen VJ, Paakkari I. A comparison of diclofenac with and without single‐dose intravenous steroid to prevent postoperative pain after third molar removal. Journal of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery 1993;51(6):634‐6. - PubMed
Hyrkas 1994 {published data only}
    1. Hyrkas T. Effect of preoperative single doses of diclofenac and methylprednisolone on wound healing. Scandinavian journal of plastic and reconstructive surgery and hand surgery 1994;28(4):275‐8. - PubMed
Iles 1980 {published data only}
    1. Iles JD. Relief of postoperative pain by ibuprofen: a report of two studies. Canadian Journal of Surgery 1980;23(3):288‐90. - PubMed
Iqbal 1986 {published data only}
    1. Iqbal KM, Biswas GK, Mondo SK, Afzalunnessa B. Assessment of post operative analgesia: A comparative study of pethidine and diclofenac sodium. Journal of Bangladesh College of Physicians and Surgeons 1986;4(1):1‐7.
Iwabuchi 1980 {published data only}
    1. Iwabuchi T, Soma S. [Use of Voltaren for relief of post‐ extraction pain]. Shikai Tenbo = Dental outlook 1980;55(2):367‐70. - PubMed
Joubert 1977 {published data only}
    1. Joubert JJ. An assessment of the efficacy and tolerability of Voltaren in the treatment of inflammation after extraction of teeth. The Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa 1977;32:581‐3. - PubMed
Katharia 1992 {published data only}
    1. Katharia SK, Singh SP, Kulshreshtha VK. A clinical assessment of ibuprofen and a new herbal compound in oral surgical procedures. Indian Journal of Pharmacology 1992;24(1):29‐31.
Khan 1992 {published data only}
    1. Khan AA, Malik S, Zuberi NIS. Double‐blind study on emorfazone and ibuprofen in dental pain and inflammation. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 1992;42:17‐8. - PubMed
Kittala 1972 {published data only}
    1. Kittala S, Aizawa M, Tokue I, Suge Y. Efficacy of GP‐45840 on after‐pains. Clinical trial with double blind method. Shinryo To Shinyaku. (Shinryo To Shinyaku) Medical Consultation and New Remedies 1972;9(6):1123.
Klein 1994 {published data only}
    1. Klein RL, Woll S. A postoperative analgesia comparison of intramuscular and oral ketorolac (Tromethamine) with ibuprofen in patients with foot and ankle surgery. Regional Anaesthesia 1994;19(2S):67.
Mastronardi 1988 {published data only}
    1. Mastronardi P, D'Onofrio M, Scanni E, Pinto M, Frontespezi S, Ceccarelli MG, et al. Analgesic activity of flupirtine maleate: a controlled double blind study with diclofenac sodium in orthopaedics. The Journal of International Medical Research 1988;16(5):338‐48. - PubMed
Matthews 1984 {published data only}
    1. Matthews RW, Scully CM, Levers BG. The efficacy of diclofenac sodium (Voltarol) with and without paracetamol in the control of post surgical dental pain. British Dental Journal 1984;157(10):357‐9. - PubMed
McEvoy 1996 {published data only}
    1. McEvoy A, Livingstone JI, Cahill CJ. Comparison of diclofenac sodium and morphine sulphate for postoperative analgesia after day case inguinal hernia surgery. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons England 1996;78(4):363‐6. - PMC - PubMed
McQuay 1993 {published data only}
    1. McQuay HJ, Carroll D, Guest PG, Robson S, Wiffen PJ, Juniper RP. A multiple dose comparison of ibuprofen and dihydrocodeine after third molar surgery. The British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 1993;31(2):95‐100. - PubMed
Movilia 1990 {published data only}
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Nakanishi 1990 {published data only}
    1. Nakanishi M, Mizukawa N, Koyama S, Takagi S, Nishijima K. Clinical evaluation of Amfenac sodium compared with Diclofenac sodium. Journal of Oral Therapeutics and Pharmacology 1990;9(2):85‐92.
Negm 1989 {published data only}
    1. Negm MM. Management of endodontic pain with nonsteroidal anti inflammatory agents: a double blind, placebo controlled study. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, and Oral Pathology 1989;67(1):88‐95. - PubMed
Rondeau 1980 {published data only}
    1. Rondeau PL, Yeung E, Nelson P. Dental surgery pain analgesic. Journal Canadian Dental Association 1980;46(7):433‐9. - PubMed
Rossi 1981 {published data only}
    1. Rossi E, Gallardo F. Analgesic efficacy of naproxen and Ibuprofen in patients undergoing mucogingival surgery. IRCS Medical Science 1981;9:272‐3.
Schleier 2007 {published data only}
    1. Schleier P, Prochnau A, Schmidt‐Westhausen AM, Peters H, Becker J, Latz T, et al. Ibuprofen sodium dihydrate, an ibuprofen formulation with improved absorption characteristics, provides faster and greater pain relief than ibuprofen acid. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2007;45(2):89‐97. - PubMed
Shimura 1981 {published data only}
    1. Shimura T, Otaka Y, Ando N, Nagao H. [Voltaren tablets for the pain following tooth extraction ‐ studies of its analgesic effects]. Shikai Tenbo = Dental outlook 1981;58(1):175‐83. - PubMed
Squires 1981 {published data only}
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Tai 1992 {published data only}
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Tani 1974 {published data only}
    1. Tani I. Therapeutic results of Voltaren tablets an analgesic anti‐inflammatory agent in pain following tonsillectomy. (Shinryo To Shinyaku) Medical Consultation and New Remedies 1974;11(8):274.
Tesseroli 1986 {published data only}
    1. Tesseroli de Siqueira JT, Potenza BJ, Basta D. Evaluation of the analgesic efficacy of potassium diclofenac and placebo in postoperative treatment of dental surgery. Multicentre, double blind study [Avaliacao do eficacia analgesicado diclofenaco potassico e placebo no pos‐operatorio de cirurgias para extracoes dentarias. Estudo multicentrico, dupl‐cego]. Revista Paulista de Odontologia 1986;6:2‐7.
Troullos 1990 {published data only}
    1. Troullos ES, Hargreaves KM, Butler DP, Dionne RA. Comparison of nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs, ibuprofen and flurbiprofen, with methylprednisolone and placebo for acute pain, swelling, and trismus. Journal of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery 1990;48(9):945‐52. - PubMed
Turcotte 1986 {published data only}
    1. Turcotte JY. Ibuprofen pre and postoperatively in oral surgery [L'ibuprofene en post et en pre‐operatoire en chirurgie buccale]. Journal Canadian Dental Association 1986;52(4):325‐8. - PubMed
Van Der Zwan 1982 {published data only}
    1. Zwan J, Boering G, Wesseling H, et al. The lower third molar and antiphlogistics. Effects of betamethasone, ibuprofen, indomethacin, naproxen, niflumic acid, oxyphenylbutazone, tranexamic acid and glafenine on the patient's condition after surgical removal of a lower third molar. International Journal of Oral Surgery 1982;11(6):340‐50. - PubMed
Van Wering 1972 {published data only}
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Vigneron 1977 {published data only}
    1. Vigneron JR, Thys R. Study of the anti‐inflammatory and analgesic actions of diclofenac in traumatology and orthopedic surgery [Etude de l'action anti‐inflammatoire et antalgique du diclofenac en traumatologie et chirurgie orthopedique]. Revue Medicale de Liege 1977;32(1):10‐14. - PubMed
Vogel 1984 {published data only}
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Von Mayer 1980 {published data only}
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Walker 1976 {published data only}
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Walton 1990 {published data only}
    1. Walton GM, Rood JP. A comparison of ibuprofen and ibuprofen codeine combination in the relief of post operative oral surgery pain. British Dental Journal 1990;169(8):245‐7. - PubMed
Walton 1993 {published data only}
    1. Walton GM, Rood JP, Snowdon AT, Rickwood D. Ketorolac and diclofenac for postoperative pain relief following oral surgery. The British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 1993;31(3):158‐60. - PubMed
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References to studies awaiting assessment

Daniels 2009 {published data only}
    1. Daniels S, Reader S, Berry P, Goulder M. Onset of analgesia with sodium ibuprofen, ibuprofen acid incorporating poloxamer and acetaminophen‐‐a single‐dose, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study in patients with post‐operative dental pain. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2009;65(4):343‐53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00228-009-0614-y] - DOI - PubMed
Kleinert 2008 {published data only}
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