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Meta-Analysis
. 2009 Jul 8;2009(3):CD002759.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002759.pub2.

Progressive resistance strength training for improving physical function in older adults

Chiung-Ju Liu  1 , Nancy K Latham
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Progressive resistance strength training for improving physical function in older adults

Chiung-Ju Liu et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Muscle weakness in old age is associated with physical function decline. Progressive resistance strength training (PRT) exercises are designed to increase strength.

Objectives: To assess the effects of PRT on older people and identify adverse events.

Search strategy: We searched the Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group Specialized Register (to March 2007), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library 2007, Issue 2), MEDLINE (1966 to May 01, 2008), EMBASE (1980 to February 06 2007), CINAHL (1982 to July 01 2007) and two other electronic databases. We also searched reference lists of articles, reviewed conference abstracts and contacted authors.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials reporting physical outcomes of PRT for older people were included.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently selected trials, assessed trial quality and extracted data. Data were pooled where appropriate.

Main results: One hundred and twenty one trials with 6700 participants were included. In most trials, PRT was performed two to three times per week and at a high intensity. PRT resulted in a small but significant improvement in physical ability (33 trials, 2172 participants; SMD 0.14, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.22). Functional limitation measures also showed improvements: e.g. there was a modest improvement in gait speed (24 trials, 1179 participants, MD 0.08 m/s, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.12); and a moderate to large effect for getting out of a chair (11 trials, 384 participants, SMD -0.94, 95% CI -1.49 to -0.38). PRT had a large positive effect on muscle strength (73 trials, 3059 participants, SMD 0.84, 95% CI 0.67 to 1.00). Participants with osteoarthritis reported a reduction in pain following PRT(6 trials, 503 participants, SMD -0.30, 95% CI -0.48 to -0.13). There was no evidence from 10 other trials (587 participants) that PRT had an effect on bodily pain. Adverse events were poorly recorded but adverse events related to musculoskeletal complaints, such as joint pain and muscle soreness, were reported in many of the studies that prospectively defined and monitored these events. Serious adverse events were rare, and no serious events were reported to be directly related to the exercise programme.

Authors' conclusions: This review provides evidence that PRT is an effective intervention for improving physical functioning in older people, including improving strength and the performance of some simple and complex activities. However, some caution is needed with transferring these exercises for use with clinical populations because adverse events are not adequately reported.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Dr. Latham is an author for two trials. The trials were rated independently by other reviewers in the first review.

Figures

1
1
Forest plot of comparison: 1 PRT versus control, outcome: 1.1 Main function measure (higher score = better function).
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 PRT versus control, Outcome 1 Main function measure (higher score = better function).
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 PRT versus control, Outcome 2 Physical function domain of SF‐36/SF‐12 (Higher score = better function).
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 PRT versus control, Outcome 3 Activities of daily living measure (higher score = better function).
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 PRT versus control, Outcome 4 Activity level measure (kJ/week).
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 PRT versus control, Outcome 5 Main lower limb (LL) strength measure.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 PRT versus control, Outcome 6 Main measure of aerobic function.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 PRT versus control, Outcome 7 VO2 or peak oxygen uptake.
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 PRT versus control, Outcome 8 Six‐minute walk test (meters).
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 PRT versus control, Outcome 9 Balance measures (higher = better balance).
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 PRT versus control, Outcome 10 Balance measures (Low = better balance).
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1 PRT versus control, Outcome 11 Gait speed (m/s).
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1 PRT versus control, Outcome 12 Timed walk (seconds).
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1 PRT versus control, Outcome 13 Timed "Up‐and‐Go" (seconds).
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1 PRT versus control, Outcome 14 Time to stand from a chair.
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1 PRT versus control, Outcome 15 Stair climbing (seconds).
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1 PRT versus control, Outcome 16 Chair stand within time limit (number of times).
1.17
1.17. Analysis
Comparison 1 PRT versus control, Outcome 17 Vitality (SF‐36/Vitality plus scale, higher = more vitality).
1.18
1.18. Analysis
Comparison 1 PRT versus control, Outcome 18 Pain (higher = less pain, Bodily pain on SF‐36).
1.19
1.19. Analysis
Comparison 1 PRT versus control, Outcome 19 Pain (lower score = less pain).
1.20
1.20. Analysis
Comparison 1 PRT versus control, Outcome 20 Death.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 High versus low intensity PRT, Outcome 1 Main function measure (higher score = better function).
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 High versus low intensity PRT, Outcome 2 Main lower limb (LL) strength measure.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 High versus low intensity PRT, Outcome 3 VO2 Max (ml/kg/min).
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 High versus low intensity PRT, Outcome 4 Pain (higher score = less pain).
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 High versus low intensity PRT, Outcome 5 Vitality (SF‐36, higher score = more vitality).
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 High versus variable intensity PRT, Outcome 1 Main lower limb (LL) strength measure.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 High versus variable intensity PRT, Outcome 2 VO2 Max (ml/kg/min).
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 PRT frequency, Outcome 1 Main LL strength measure.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 PRT: 3‐sets versus 1‐sets, Outcome 1 Main lower limb (LL) strength measure.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 PRT: 3‐sets versus 1‐sets, Outcome 2 Six‐minute walk test (meters).
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5 PRT: 3‐sets versus 1‐sets, Outcome 3 Timed walk (seconds).
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5 PRT: 3‐sets versus 1‐sets, Outcome 4 Time to stand from a chair (seconds).
5.5
5.5. Analysis
Comparison 5 PRT: 3‐sets versus 1‐sets, Outcome 5 Stair climbing (seconds).
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 PRT versus aerobic training, Outcome 1 Main function measure (higher score = better function).
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6 PRT versus aerobic training, Outcome 2 Main function measure (lower score = better function).
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6 PRT versus aerobic training, Outcome 3 Main lower limb strength measure.
6.4
6.4. Analysis
Comparison 6 PRT versus aerobic training, Outcome 4 VO2 max (ml/kg.min).
6.5
6.5. Analysis
Comparison 6 PRT versus aerobic training, Outcome 5 Six minute walk test (meters).
6.6
6.6. Analysis
Comparison 6 PRT versus aerobic training, Outcome 6 Gait speed (m/s).
6.7
6.7. Analysis
Comparison 6 PRT versus aerobic training, Outcome 7 Pain (lower score = less pain).
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7 PRT versus functional exercise, Outcome 1 Main function measure (higher score = better function).
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7 PRT versus functional exercise, Outcome 2 Main lower limb strength measure.
7.3
7.3. Analysis
Comparison 7 PRT versus functional exercise, Outcome 3 Timed "Up‐and‐Go" (seconds).
7.4
7.4. Analysis
Comparison 7 PRT versus functional exercise, Outcome 4 Vitality (SF‐36/Vitality plus scale, higher = more vitality).
7.5
7.5. Analysis
Comparison 7 PRT versus functional exercise, Outcome 5 Pain (higher = less pain, Bodily pain on SF‐36).
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8 PRT versus flexibility training, Outcome 1 SF36 (higher score = better function).
8.2
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8 PRT versus flexibility training, Outcome 2 Main lower limb (LL) strength measure.
8.3
8.3. Analysis
Comparison 8 PRT versus flexibility training, Outcome 3 Timed walk (seconds).
8.4
8.4. Analysis
Comparison 8 PRT versus flexibility training, Outcome 4 Time to stand from a chair (seconds).
8.5
8.5. Analysis
Comparison 8 PRT versus flexibility training, Outcome 5 Vitality (SF‐36/Vitality plus scale, higher = more vitality).
8.6
8.6. Analysis
Comparison 8 PRT versus flexibility training, Outcome 6 Pain (higher = less pain, Bodily pain on SF‐ 36).
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9 Power training, Outcome 1 Main lower limb strength measure.
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10 PRT versus control supplementary analyses, Outcome 1 Strength (grouped by allocation concealment).
10.2
10.2. Analysis
Comparison 10 PRT versus control supplementary analyses, Outcome 2 Strength (grouped by assessor blinding).
10.3
10.3. Analysis
Comparison 10 PRT versus control supplementary analyses, Outcome 3 Strength (grouped by intention‐to‐treat).
10.4
10.4. Analysis
Comparison 10 PRT versus control supplementary analyses, Outcome 4 Strength (grouped by attention control).
10.5
10.5. Analysis
Comparison 10 PRT versus control supplementary analyses, Outcome 5 Strength (grouped by exercise intensity).
10.6
10.6. Analysis
Comparison 10 PRT versus control supplementary analyses, Outcome 6 Strength (grouped by exercise duration).
10.7
10.7. Analysis
Comparison 10 PRT versus control supplementary analyses, Outcome 7 Strength (grouped by health status).
10.8
10.8. Analysis
Comparison 10 PRT versus control supplementary analyses, Outcome 8 Strength (grouped by functional limitations).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

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Izquierdo 2004 {published data only}
    1. Izquierdo M, Ibanez J, Hakkinen K, Kraemer WJ, Larrion JL, Gorostiaga EM. Once weekly combined resistance and cardiovascular training in healthy older men. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2004;36(3):435‐43. - PubMed
Jette 1996 {published data only}
    1. Jette AM, Harris BA, Sleeper L, Lachman ME, Heislein D, Giorgetti M, et al. A home‐based exercise program for nondisabled older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1996;44(6):644‐9. - PubMed
Jette 1999 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Dancewicz TM, Krebs DE, McGibbon CA. Lower‐limb extensor power and lifting characteristics in disabled elders. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 2003;40(4):337‐47. - PubMed
    1. Jette AM, Lachman M, Giorgetti MM, Assman SF, Harris BA, Levenson C, et al. Exercise ‐ it's never too late: The strong‐for‐life program. American Journal of Public Health 1999;89(1):66‐72. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Krebs DE, Jette AM, Assmann SF. Moderate exercise improves gait stability in disabled elders. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1998;79(12):1489‐95. - PubMed
Jones 1994 {published data only}
    1. Jones CJ, Rikli RE, Benedict J, Williamson P. Effects of a resistance training program on leg strength and muscular endurance in older women. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports 1995;5(6):329‐41. - PubMed
Jubrias 2001 {published data only}
    1. Jubrias SA, Esselman PC, Price LB, Cress ME, Conley KE. Large energetic adaptations of elderly muscle to resistance and endurance training. Journal of Applied Physiology 2001;90(5):1663‐70. - PubMed
Judge 1994 {published data only}
    1. Judge JO, Whipple RH, Wolfson LI. Effects of resistance and balance exercises on isokinetic strength in older persons. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1994;42(9):937‐46. - PubMed
    1. Wolfson L, Whipple R, Derby C, Judge J, King M, Amerman P, et al. Balance and strength training in older adults: intervention gains and tai chi maintenance. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1996;44(5):498‐506. - PubMed
Kalapotharakos 2005 {published data only}
    1. Kalapotharakos VI, Michalopoulos M, Tokmakidis SP, Godolias G, Gourgoulis V. Effects of a heavy and a moderate resistance training on functional performance in older adults. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 2005;19(3):652‐7. - PubMed
    1. Kalapotharakos VI, Michalopoulou M, Godolias G, Tokmakidis SP, Malliou PV, Gourgoulis V. The effects of high‐ and moderate‐resistance training on muscle function in the elderly. Journal of Aging & Physical Activity 2004;12(2):131‐43. - PubMed
    1. Kalapotharakos VI, Michalopoulou M, Tokmakidis S, Godolias G, Strimpakos N, Karteroliotis K. Effects of a resistance exercise programme on the performance of inactive older adults. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation 2004;11(7):318‐23.
    1. Kalapotharakos VI, Tokmakidis SP, Smilios I, Michalopoulos M, Gliatis J, Godolias G. Resistance training in older women: effect on vertical jump and functional performance. Journal of Sports Medicine & Physical Fitness 2005;45(4):570‐5. - PubMed
Kallinen 2002 {published data only}
    1. Kallinen M, Sipila S, Alen M, Suominen H. Improving cardiovascular fitness by strength or endurance training in women aged 76‐78 years. A population‐based, randomized controlled trial. Age and Ageing 2002;31(4):247‐54. - PubMed
Katznelson 2006 {published data only}
    1. Katznelson L, Robinson MW, Coyle CL, Lee H, Farrell CE. Effects of modest testosterone supplementation and exercise for 12 weeks on body composition and quality of life in elderly men. European Journal of Endocrinology 2006;155(6):867‐75. - PubMed
Kongsgaard 2004 {published data only}
    1. Kongsgaard M, Backer V, Jorgensen K, Kjaer M, Beyer N. Heavy resistance training increases muscle size, strength and physical function in elderly male COPD‐patients ‐ a pilot study. Respiratory Medicine 2004;98(10):1000‐7. - PubMed
Krebs 2007 {published data only}
    1. Krebs DE, Scarborough DM, McGibbon CA. Functional vs. strength training in disabled elderly outpatients. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2007;86(2):93‐103. - PubMed
Lamoureux 2003 {published data only}
    1. Lamoureux E, Sparrow WA, Murphy A, Newton RU. The effects of improved strength on obstacle negotiation in community‐living older adults. Gait & Posture 2003;17(3):273‐83. - PubMed
    1. Lamoureux EL, Murphy A, Sparrow A, Newton RU. The effects of progressive resistance training on obstructed‐gait tasks in community‐living older adults. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 2003;11(1):98‐110.
Latham 2001 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Latham NK, Stretton CS, Ronald M. Progressive resistance strength training in hospitalised older people: a preliminary investigation. New Zealand Journal of Physiotherapy 2001;29(2):41‐8.
Latham 2003 {published data only}
    1. Latham NK, Anderson CS, Lee A, Bennett D, Moseley AM, Cameron ID. A randomized, controlled trial of quadriceps resistance exercise and vitamin D in frail older people: the Frailty Interventions Trial in Elderly Subjects (FITNESS). Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003;51(3):291‐9. - PubMed
Liu‐Ambrose 2005 {published data only}
    1. Liu‐Ambrose T, Khan KM, Eng JJ, Janssen PA, Lord SR, McKay HA. Resistance and agility training reduce fall risk in women aged 75 to 85 with low bone mass: a 6‐month randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2004;52(5):657‐65. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Liu‐Ambrose T, Khan KM, Eng JJ, Lord SR, McKay HA. Balance confidence improves with resistance or agility training: Increase is not correlated with objective changes in fall risk and physical abilities. Gerontology 2004;50(6):373‐82. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Liu‐Ambrose TYL, Khan KM, Eng JJ, Lord SR, Lentle B, McKay HA. Both resistance and agility training reduce back pain and improve health‐related quality of life in older women with low bone mass. Osteoporosis International 2005;16(11):1321‐9. - PubMed
    1. Liu‐Ambrose TYL. Studies of fall risk and bone morphology in older women with low bone mass [dissertation]. British Columbia (Canada): The University of British Columbia, 2004.
Macaluso 2003 {published data only}
    1. Macaluso A, Young A, Gibb KS, Rowe DA, Vito G. Cycling as a novel approach to resistance training increases muscle strength, power, and selected functional abilities in healthy older women. Journal of Applied Physiology 2003;95(6):2544‐53. - PubMed
Madden 2006 {published data only}
    1. Madden KM, Levy WC, Stratton JK. Exercise training and heart rate variability in older adult female subjects. Clinical & Investigative Medicine ‐ Medecine Clinique et Experimentale 2006;29(1):20‐8. - PubMed
Maiorana 1997 {published data only}
    1. Maiorana AJ, Briffa TG, Goodman C, Hung J. A controlled trial of circuit weight training on aerobic capacity and myocardial oxygen demand in men after coronary artery bypass surgery. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation 1997;17(4):239‐47. - PubMed
Malliou 2003 {published data only}
    1. Malliou P, Fatouros I, Beneka A, Gioftsidou A, Zissi V, Godolias G, et al. Different training programs for improving muscular performance in healthy inactive elderly. Isokinetics and Exercise Science 2003;11(4):189‐95.
Mangione 2005 {published data only}
    1. Mangione KK, Craik RL, Tomlinson SS, Palombaro KM. Can elderly patients who have had a hip fracture perform moderate‐ to high‐intensity exercise at home?. Physical Therapy 2005;85(8):727‐39. - PubMed
Manini 2005 {published data only}
    1. Manini TM, Clark BC, Tracy BL, Burke J, Ploutz‐Snyder L. Resistance and functional training reduces knee extensor position fluctuations in functionally limited older adults. European Journal of Applied Physiology 2005;95(5‐6):436‐46. - PubMed
Maurer 1999 {published data only}
    1. Maurer BT, Stern AG, Kinossian B, Cook KD, Schumacher HR. Osteoarthritis of the knee: isokinetic quadriceps exercise versus an educational intervention. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1999;80(10):1293‐9. - PubMed
McCartney 1995 {published data only}
    1. McCartney N, Hicks A, Martin J, Webber C. A longitudinal trial of weight training in the elderly: continued improvements in year 2. Journals of Gerontology.Series A‐Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 1996;51(6):B425‐33. - PubMed
    1. McCartney N, Hicks AL, Martin J, Webber CE. Long‐term resistance training in elderly: Effects on dynamic strength, exercise capacity, muscle and bone. Journals of Gerontology.Series A‐Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 1995;50(2):B97‐104. - PubMed
McGuigan 2001 {published data only}
    1. McGuigan MR, Bronks R, Newton RU, Sharman MJ, Graham JC, Cody DV, et al. Resistance training in patients with peripheral arterial disease: effects on myosin isoforms, fiber type distribution and capillary supply to skeletal muscle. Journals of Gerontology.Series A‐Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2001;56(7):B302‐10. - PubMed
McMurdo 1995 {published data only}
    1. McMurdo ME, Johnstone R. A randomized controlled trial of a home exercise programme for elderly people with poor mobility. Age and Ageing 1995;24(5):425‐8. - PubMed
Mihalko 1996 {published data only}
    1. Mihalko SL, McAuley E. Strength training effects on subjective well‐being and physical function in the elderly. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 1996;4(1):56‐68.
Mikesky 2006 {published data only}
    1. Mikesky AE, Mazzuca SA, Brandt KD, Perkins SM, Damush T, Lane KA. Effects of strength training on the incidence and progression of knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism ‐ Arthritis Care and Research 2006;55(5):690‐9. - PubMed
Miller 2006 {published data only}
    1. Miller MD, Crotty M, Whitehead C, Bannerman E, Daniels LA. Nutritional supplementation and resistance training in nutritionally at risk older adults following lower limb fracture: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2006;20(4):311‐23. - PubMed
Miszko 2003 {published data only}
    1. Miszko TA, Cress ME, Slade JM, Covey CJ, Agrawal SK, Doerr CE. Effect of strength and power training on physical function in community‐dwelling older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series A‐Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2003;58(2):171‐5. - PubMed
Moreland 2001 {unpublished data only}
    1. Moreland J. Personal Communication 2001.
    1. Moreland JD, Goldsmith CH, Huijbregts MP, Anderson RE, Prentice DM, Brunton KB, et al. Progressive resistance strengthening exercises after stroke: a single‐blind randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2003;84(10):1433‐40. - PubMed
Nelson 1994 {published data only}
    1. Morganti CM, Nelson ME, Fiatarone MA, Dallal GE, Economos CD, Crawford BM, et al. Strength improvements with 1 yr of progressive resistance training in older women. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 1995;27(6):906‐12. - PubMed
    1. Nelson ME, Fiatarone MA, Morganti CM, Trice I, Greenberg RA, Evans WJ. Effects of high‐intensity strength training on multiple risk factors for osteoporotic fractures. JAMA 1994;272(24):1909‐14. - PubMed
Newnham 1995 {unpublished data only}
    1. Newnham J. The effects of a strengthening program on muscle function and mobility skills in an elderly instituionalised population [thesis]. Montreal (Quebec): McGill University, 1995.
Nichols 1993 {published data only}
    1. Nichols JF, Omizo DK, Peterson KK, Nelson KP. Efficacy of heavy‐resistance training for active women over sixty: Muscular strength, body composition and program adherence. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1993;41(3):205‐10. - PubMed
Ouellette 2004 {published data only}
    1. Ouellette MM, LeBrasseur NK, Bean JF, Phillips E, Stein J, Frontera WR, et al. High‐intensity resistance training improves muscle strength, self‐reported function, and disability in long‐term stroke survivors. Stroke 2004;35(6):1404‐9. - PubMed
Parkhouse 2000 {published data only}
    1. Parkhouse WS, Coupland DC, Li C, Vanderhoek KJ. IGF‐1 bioavailabililty is increased by resistance training in older women with low bone mineral density. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 2000;113(2):75‐83. - PubMed
Pollock 1991 {published data only}
    1. Hagberg JM, Graves JE, Limacher M, Woods DR, Leggett SH, Cononie C, et al. Cardiovascular responses of 70‐ to 79‐year‐old mean and women to exercise training. Journal of Applied Physiology 1989;66(6):2589‐94. - PubMed
    1. Panton LB, Graves JE, Pollock ML, Hagberg JM, Chen W. Effect of aerobic and resistance training on fractionated reaction time and speed of movement. Journal of Gerontology 1990;45(1):M26‐31. - PubMed
    1. Pollock ML, Carroll JF, Graves JE, Leggett SH, Braith RW, Limacher M, et al. Injuries and adherence to walk/jog and resistance training programs in the elderly. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 1991;23(10):1194‐200. - PubMed
Pu 2001 {published data only}
    1. Pu CT, Johnson MT, Forman DE, Hausdorff JM, Roubenoff R, Foldvari M, et al. Randomized trial of progressive resistance training to counteract the myopathy of chronic heart failure. Journal of Applied Physiology 2001;90(6):2341‐50. - PubMed
Rall 1996 {published data only}
    1. Rall LC, Meydani SN, Kehayias JJ, Dawson Hughes B, Roubenoff R. The effect of progressive resistance training in rheumatoid arthritis. Increased strength without changes in energy balance or body composition. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1996;39(3):415‐26. - PubMed
    1. Rall LC, Rosen CJ, Dolnikowski G, Hartman WJ, Lundgren N, Abad LW, et al. Protein metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis and aging. Effects of muscle strength training and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1996;39(7):1115‐24. - PubMed
    1. Rall LC, Roubenoff R, Cannon JG, Abad LW, Dinarello CA, Meydani SN. Effects of progressive resistance training on immune response in aging and chronic inflammation. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 1996;28(11):1356‐65. - PubMed
Reeves 2004 {published data only}
    1. Reeves ND, Narici MV, Maganaris CN. In vivo human muscle structure and function: adaptations to resistance training in old age. Experimental Physiology 2004;89(6):675‐89. - PubMed
    1. Reeves ND, Narici MV, Maganaris CN. Strength training alters the viscoelastic properties of tendons in elderly humans. Muscle & Nerve 2003;28(1):74‐81. - PubMed
Rhodes 2000 {published data only}
    1. Rhodes EC, Martin AD, Taunton JE, Donnely M, Warren J, Elliot J. Effects of one year of resistance training on the relation between muscular strength and bone density in elderly women. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2000;34(1):18‐22. - PMC - PubMed
Schilke 1996 {published data only}
    1. Schilke JM, Johnson GO, Housh TJ, O'Dell JR. Effects of muscle‐strength training on the functional status of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee joint. Nursing Research 1996;45(2):68‐72. - PubMed
Schlicht 1999 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Schlicht J, Camaione DN, Owen SV. Effect of intense strength training on standing balance, walking speed and sit‐to‐stand performance in older adults. Journals of Gerontology.Series A‐Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2001;56(5):M281‐6. - PubMed
    1. Schlicht, J. Effect of intense strength training on walking speed, standing balance and sit‐to‐stand performance in older adults [thesis]. Storrs (CT): Univ. of Connecticut, 1999. - PubMed
Segal 2003 {published data only}
    1. Segal RJ, Reid RD, Courneya KS, Malone SC, Parliament MB, Scott CG, et al. Resistance exercise in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2003;21(9):1653‐9. - PubMed
Selig 2004 {published data only}
    1. Selig SE, Carey MF, Menzies DG, Patterson J, Geerling RH, Williams AD, et al. Moderate‐intensity resistance exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure improves strength, endurance, heart rate variability, and forearm blood flow. Journal of Cardiac Failure 2004;10(1):21‐30. - PubMed
Seynnes 2004 {published data only}
    1. Seynnes O, Fiatarone Singh MA, Hue O, Pras P, Legros P, Bernard PL. Physiological and functional responses to low‐moderate versus high‐intensity progressive resistance training in frail elders. Journals of Gerontology Series A‐Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2004;59(5):503‐9. - PubMed
Simoneau 2006 {published data only}
    1. Simoneau E, Martin A, Porter MM, Hoecke J. Strength training in old age: adaptation of antagonist muscles at the ankle joint. Muscle & Nerve 2006;33(4):546‐55. - PubMed
Simons 2006 {published data only}
    1. Simons R, Andel R. The effects of resistance training and walking on functional fitness in advanced old age. Journal of Aging & Health 2006;18(1):91‐105. - PubMed
Simpson 1992 {published data only}
    1. Simpson K, Killian K, McCartney N, Lloyd DG, Jones NL. Randomised controlled trial of weightlifting exercise in patients with chronic airflow limitation. Thorax 1992;47(2):70‐5. - PMC - PubMed
Sims 2006 {published data only}
    1. Sims J, Hill K, Davidson S, Gunn J, Huang N. Exploring the feasibility of a community‐based strength training program for older people with depressive symptoms and its impact on depressive symptoms. BMC Geriatrics 2006;6:18. - PMC - PubMed
Singh 1997 {published data only}
    1. Singh NA, Clements KM, Fiatarone MA. A randomised trial of progressive resistance training in depressed elders. Journals of Gerontology.Series A‐Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 1997;52(1):M27‐35. - PubMed
    1. Singh NA, Clements KM, Fiatarone Singh MA. The efficacy of exercise as a long‐term antidepressant in elderly subjects: a randomized controlled trial. Journals of Gerontology. Series A‐Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2001;56(8):497‐504. - PubMed
Singh 2005 {published data only}
    1. Singh NA, Stavrinos TM, Scarbek Y, Galambos G, Liber C, Fiatarone Singh MA. A randomized controlled trial of high versus low intensity weight training versus general practitioner care for clinical depression in older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series A‐Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2005;60(6):768‐76. - PubMed
Sipila 1996 {published data only}
    1. Siplia S, Multanen J, Kallinen M, Era P, Suominen H. Effects of strength and endurance training on isometric muscle strength and walking speed in elderly women. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 1996;156(4):457‐64. - PubMed
Skelton 1995 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Skelton DA, Young A, Greig CA, Malbut KE. Effects of resistance training on strength, power, and functional abilities of women aged 75 and older. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1995;43(10):1081‐7. - PubMed
Skelton 1996 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Skelton DA, McLaughlin AW. Training functional ability in old age. Physiotherapy 1996;82(3):159‐67.
Sousa 2005 {published data only}
    1. Sousa N, Sampaio J. Effects of progressive strength training on the performance of the Functional Reach Test and the Timed Get‐Up‐and‐Go Test in an elderly population from the rural north of Portugal. American Journal of Human Biology 2005;17(6):746‐51. - PubMed
Suetta 2004 {published data only}
    1. Suetta C, Aagaard P, Rosted A, Jakobsen AK, Duus B, Kjaer M, et al. Training‐induced changes in muscle CSA, muscle strength, EMG, and rate of force development in elderly subjects after long‐term unilateral disuse. Journal of Applied Physiology 2004;97(5):1954‐61. - PubMed
    1. Suetta C, Magnusson SP, Rosted A, Aagaard P, Jakobsen AK, Larsen LH, et al. Resistance training in the early postoperative phase reduces hospitalization and leads to muscle hypertrophy in elderly hip surgery patients ‐ A controlled, randomized study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2004;52(12):2016‐22. - PubMed
Sullivan 2005 {published data only}
    1. Sullivan DH, Roberson PK, Johnson LE, Bishara O, Evans WJ, Smith ES, et al. Effects of muscle strength training and testosterone in frail elderly males. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2005;37(10):1664‐72. - PubMed
    1. Sullivan DH, Roberson PK, Smith ES, Price JA, Bopp MM. Effects of muscle strength training and megestrol acetate on strength, muscle mass, and function in frail older people. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2007;55(1):20‐8. - PubMed
Symons 2005 {published data only}
    1. Symons TB, Vandervoort AA, Rice CL, Overend TJ, Marsh GD. Effects of maximal isometric and isokinetic resistance training on strength and functional mobility in older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series A‐Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2005;60(6):777‐81. - PubMed
Taaffe 1996 {published data only}
    1. Pruitt LA, Taaffe DR, Marcus R. Effects of a one‐year high‐intensity versus low‐intensity resistance training program on bone mineral density in older women. Journal of Bone & Mineral Research 1995;10(11):1788‐95. - PubMed
    1. Taaffe DR, Pruitt L, Pyka G, Guido D, Marcus R. Comparative effects of high‐ and low‐ intensity resistance training on thigh muscle strength, fiber area, and tissue composition in elderly women. Clinical Physiology 1996;16(4):381‐92. - PubMed
    1. Taaffe DR, Pruitt L, Reim J, Butterfield G, Marcus R. Effect of sustained resistance training on basal metabolic rate in older women. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1995;43(5):465‐71. - PubMed
Taaffe 1999 {published data only}
    1. Taaffe DR, Duret C, Wheeler S, Marcus R. Once‐weekly resistance exercise improves strength and neuromuscular performance in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1999;47(10):1208‐14. - PubMed
Topp 1993 {published data only}
    1. Mikesky AE, Topp R, Wigglesworth JK, Harsha DM, Edwards JE. Efficacy of a home‐based training program for older adults using elastic tubing. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 1994;69(4):316‐20. - PubMed
    1. Topp R, Mikesky A, Wigglesworth J, Holt W, Edwards JE. The effect of a 12‐week dynamic resistance strength training on gait velocity and balance in older adults. Gerontologist 1993;33(4):501‐6. - PubMed
Topp 1996 {published data only}
    1. Topp R, Mikesky A, Dayhoff NE, Holt W. Effect of resistance training on strength, postural control and gait velocity in older adults. Clinical Nursing Research 1996;5(4):407‐21. - PubMed
Topp 2002 {published data only}
    1. Topp R, Woolley S, Hornyak J 3rd, Khuder S, Kahaleh B. The effect of dynamic versus isometric resistance training on pain and functioning among adults with osteoarthritis of the knee. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2002;83(9):1187‐95. - PubMed
Topp 2005 {published data only}
    1. Topp R, Boardley D, Morgan AL, Fahlman M, McNevin N. Exercise and functional tasks among adults who are functionally limited. Western Journal of Nursing Research 2005;27(3):252‐70. - PubMed
Tracy 2004 {published data only}
    1. Tracy BL, Byrnes WC, Enoka RM. Strength training reduces force fluctuations during anisometric contractions of the quadriceps femoris muscles in old adults. Journal of Applied Physiology 2004;96(4):1530‐40. - PubMed
Tsutsumi 1997 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Tsutsumi T, Don BM, Zaichkowsky LD, Delizonna LL. Physical fitness and psychological benefits of strength training in community dwelling older adults. Applied Human Science 1997;16(6):257‐66. - PubMed
    1. Tsutsumi T, Don BM, Zaichkowsky LD, Takenaka K, Oka K, Ohno T. Comparison of high and moderate intensity of strength training on mood and anxiety in older adults. Perceptual and Motor Skills 1998;87(3 Pt 1):1003‐11. - PubMed
    1. Tsutsumi, T. The effects of strength training on mood, self‐efficacy, cardiovascular reactivity and quality of life in older adults [thesis]. Boston (MA): Boston University, 1997.
Tyni‐Lenne 2001 {published data only}
    1. Tyni‐Lenne R, Dencker K, Gordon A, Jansson E, Sylven C. Comprehensive local muscle training increases aerobic working capacity and quality of life and decreases neurohormonal activation in patients with chronic heart failure. European Journal of Heart Failure 2001;3(1):47‐52. - PubMed
Vincent 2002 {published data only}
    1. Vincent KR, Braith BW. Resistance exercise and bone turnover in elderly men and women. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2002;34(1):17‐23. - PubMed
    1. Vincent KR, Braith RW, Bottiglieri T, Vincent HK, Lowenthal DT. Homocysteine and lipoprotein levels following resistance training in older adults. Preventive Cardiology 2003;6(4):197‐203. - PubMed
    1. Vincent KR, Braith RW, Feldman RA, Kallas HE, Lowenthal DT. Improved cardiorespiratory endurance following 6 months of resistance exercise in elderly men and women. Archives of Internal Medicine 2002;162(6):673‐8. - PubMed
    1. Vincent KR, Braith RW, Feldman RA, Magyari PM, Cutler RB, Persin SA, et al. Resistance exercise and physical performance in adults aged 60 to 83. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2002;50(6):1100‐7. - PubMed
Westhoff 2000 {published data only}
    1. Westhoff MH, Stemmerik L, Boshuizen HC. Effects of a low‐intensity strength‐training program on knee‐extensor strength and functional ability of frail older people. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 2000;8(4):325‐42.
Wieser 2007 {published data only}
    1. Wieser M, Haber P. The effects of systematic resistance training in the elderly. International Journal of Sports Medicine 2007;28(1):59‐65. - PubMed
Wood 2001 {published data only}
    1. Wood RH, Reyes R, Welsch MA, Favaloro‐Sabatier J, Sabatier M, Lee CM, et al. Concurrent cardiovascular and resistance training in healthy older adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2001;33(10):1751‐8. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adami 1999 {published data only}
    1. Adami S, Gattie D, Braga V, Bianchini D, Rossini M. Site‐specific effects of strength training on bone structure and geometry of ultradistal radius in postmenopausal women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 1999;14(1):120‐4. - PubMed
Adams 2001 {published data only}
    1. Adams KJ, Swank AM, Berning JM, Sevene‐Adams PG, Barnard KL, et al. Progressive strength training in sedentary older African American women. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2001;33(9):1567‐76. - PubMed
Agre 1988 {published data only}
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Alexander 2003 {published data only}
    1. Alexander JL. Effect of strength training on functional fitness in older chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients [dissertation]. Arizona State University, 2003.
Aniansson 1981 {published data only}
    1. Aniansson A, Gustafsson E. Physical training in elderly men with special reference to quadriceps muscle strength and morphology. Clinical Physiology 1981;1(1):87‐98.
Annesi 2004 {published data only}
    1. Annesi JJ, Gann S, Westcott WW, Annesi JJ, Gann S, Westcott WW. Preliminary evaluation of a 10‐wk. resistance and cardiovascular exercise protocol on physiological and psychological measures for a sample of older women. Perceptual & Motor Skills 2004;98(1):163‐70. - PubMed
Ardman 1998 {published data only}
    1. Ardman O. The effects of strength training on strength, mobility and balance in two groups of institutionalised elderly subjects [dissertation]. Montreal (Quebec): McGill University, 1998.
Ballard 2004 {published data only}
    1. Ballard JE, McFarland C, Wallace LS, Holiday DB, Roberson G. The effect of 15 weeks of exercise on balance, leg strength, and reduction in falls in 40 women aged 65 to 89 years. Journal of the American Medical Womens Association 2004;59(4):255‐61. - PubMed
Barbosa 2002 {published data only}
    1. Barbosa AR, Santarem JM, Filho WJ, Marucci MFN. Effects of resistance training on the sit‐and‐reach test in elderly women. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 2002;16(1):14‐8. - PubMed
Baum 2003b {published data only}
    1. Baum K, Ruether T, Essfeld D. Reduction of blood pressure response during strength training through intermittent muscle relaxations. International Journal of Sports Medicine 2003;24(6):441‐5. - PubMed
Bean 2002 {published data only}
    1. Bean J, Herman S, Kiely DK, Callahan D, Mizer K, Frontera WR, et al. Weighted stair climbing in mobility‐limited older people: a pilot study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2002;50(4):663‐70. - PubMed
Bellew 2003 {published data only}
    1. Bellew JW, Yates JW, Gater DR. The initial effects of low‐volume strength training on balance in untrained older men and women. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 2003;17(1):121‐8. - PubMed
Beniamini 1997 {published data only}
    1. Beniamini Y, Rubenstein JJ, Zaichkowsky LD, Leonard D, Crim MC. Effects of high‐intensity strength training on quality‐of‐life parameters in cardiac rehabilitation patients. American Journal of Cardiology 1997;80(7):841‐6. - PubMed
Beniamini 1999 {published data only}
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Berg 1998 {published data only}
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Bernard 1999 {published data only}
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Bilodeau 2000 {published data only}
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Brandon 2003b {published data only}
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Brandon 2004 {published data only}
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    1. Brill PA, Matthews M, Mason J, Davis D, Mustafa T, Macera C. Improving functional performance through a group‐based free weight strength training program in residents of two assisted living communities. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics 1998;15(3):57‐69.
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    1. Brose A, Parise G, Tarnopolsky MA. Creatine supplementation enhances isometric strength and body composition improvements following strength exercise training in older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series A‐Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2003;58(1):11‐9. - PubMed
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    1. Brown M, Sinacore DR, Ehsani AA, Binder EF, Holloszy JO, Kohrt WM. Low‐intensity exercise as a modifier of physical frailty in older adults. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2000;81(7):960‐5. - PubMed
Bunout 2001 {published data only}
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Cancela 2003 {published data only}
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Candow 2004 {published data only}
    1. Candow DG, Chilibeck PD, Chad KE, Chrusch MJ, Shawn Davison K, Burke DG. Effect of ceasing creatine supplementation while maintaining resistance training in older men. Journal of Aging & Physical Activity 2004;12(3):219‐31. - PubMed
Capodaglio 2002 {published data only}
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Cauza 2005 {published data only}
    1. Cauza E, Hanusch‐Enserer U, Strasser B, Kostner K, Dunky A, Haber P. Strength and endurance training lead to different post exercise glucose profiles in diabetic participants using a continuous subcutaneous glucose monitoring system. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 2005;35(12):745‐51. - PubMed
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    1. Cauza E, Hanusch‐Enserer U, Strasser B, Ludvik B, Metz‐Schimmerl S, Pacini G, et al. The relative benefits of endurance and strength training on the metabolic factors and muscle function of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2005;86(8):1527‐33. - PubMed
Chaloupka 2000 {published data only}
    1. Chaloupka V, Elbl L, Nehyba S. Strength training in patients after myocardial infarct [Silovy trenink u nemocnych po infarktu myokardu]. Vnitrni Lekarstvi 2000;46(12):829‐34. - PubMed
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Chiba 2006 {published data only}
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    1. Chien MY, Yang RS, Tsauo JY. Home‐based trunk‐strengthening exercise for osteoporotic and osteopenic postmenopausal women without fracture ‐ A pilot study. Clinical Rehabilitation 2005;19(1):28‐36. - PubMed
Connelly 1995 {published data only}
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Connelly 2000 {published data only}
    1. Connelly DM, Vandervoort AA. Effects of isokinetic strength training on concentric and eccentric torque development in the ankle dorsiflexors of older adults. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2000;55:B465‐72. - PubMed
Cramp 2006 {published data only}
    1. Cramp MC, Greenwood RJ, Gill M, Rothwell JC, Scott OM. Low intensity strength training for ambulatory stroke patients. Disability & Rehabilitation 2006;28(13‐14):883‐9. - PubMed
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    1. Cress ME, Thomas DP, Johnson J, Kasch FW, Cassens RG, Smith EL, et al. Effect of training on VO2 max, thigh strength and muscle morphology in septuagenarian women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 1991;23:752‐8. - PubMed
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    1. Cress ME, Buchner DM, Questad KA, Esselman PC, Lateur BJ, Schwartz RS. Exercise: effects on physical functional performance in older adults. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 1999;54(5):M242‐8. - PubMed
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    1. Daepp C, Vogt M, Klossner S, Popp A. Lippuner K, Hoppeler H. Slimmer and stronger ‐ the effect of eccentric exercise in the elderly. Schweizerische Zeitschrift Fuer Sportmedizin Und Sporttraumatologie/Revue Suisse De Medecine Et De Traumatologie Du Sport/Rivista Svizzera Di Medicina e Traumatologia Dello Sport 2006;54(2):71. [1422‐0644]
Daly 2005 {published data only}
    1. Daly RM, Dunstan DW, Owen N, Jolley D, Shaw JE, Zimmet PZ. Does high‐intensity resistance training maintain bone mass during moderate weight loss in older overweight adults with type 2 diabetes?. Osteoporosis International 2005;16(12):1703‐12. - PubMed
de Bruin 2007 {published data only}
    1. Bruin ED, Menzi C, Waelle R, Murer K. Strength training and balance performance compared to combined strength and agility training in elderly over 80 years: a three months RCT. Isokinetics and Exercise Science 2004;12(1):33‐4.
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    1. Vito G, Bernardi M, Forte R, Pulejo C, Figura F. Effects of a low‐intensity programme on VO2 max and maximal instantaneous peak power in elderly women. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 1999;80(3):227‐32. - PubMed
DeBolt 2004 {published data only}
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Delagardelle 2002 {published data only}
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Delecluse 2004 {published data only}
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Dibble 2006 {published data only}
    1. Dibble LE, Hale T, Marcus RL, Gerber JP, Lastayo PC. The safety and feasibility of high‐force eccentric resistance exercise in persons with Parkinson's disease. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2006;87(9):1280‐2. - PubMed
Dibble 2006b {published data only}
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Dunstan 2002 {published data only}
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Dunstan 2005 {published data only}
    1. Dunstan DW, Daly RM, Owen N, Jolley D, Vulikh E, Shaw J, et al. Home‐based resistance training is not sufficient to maintain improved glycemic control following supervised training in older individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005;28(1):3‐9. - PubMed
Dupler 1993 {published data only}
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Fernandez Ramirez 99 {published data only}
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Ferrara 2006 {published data only}
    1. Ferrara CM, Goldberg AP, Ortmeyer HK, Ryan AS. Effects of aerobic and resistive exercise training on glucose disposal and skeletal muscle metabolism in older men. Journals of Gerontology Series A‐Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2006;61(5):480‐7. - PubMed
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Fiatarone 1990 {published data only}
    1. Fiatarone MA, Marks ED, Ryan ND, Meredith CN, Lipsitz LA, Evans WJ. High‐intensity strength training in nonagenarians. Effects on skeletal muscle. JAMA 1990;263(22):3029‐34. - PubMed
Fisher 1991 {published data only}
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    1. Forte R, Vito G, Figura F. Effects of dynamic resistance training on heart rate variability in healthy older women. European Journal of Applied Physiology 2003;89(1):85‐9. - PubMed
Frontera 1988 {published data only}
    1. Frontera WR, Meredith C, O'Reilly KP, Knuttgen HG, Evans W. Strength conditioning in older men: skeletal muscle hypertrophy and improved function. Journal of Applied Physiology 1988;64(3):1038‐44. - PubMed
Frontera 1990 {published data only}
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Galvao 2006 {published data only}
    1. Galvao DA, Nosaka K, Taaffe DR, Spry N, Kristjanson LJ, McGuigan MR, et al. Resistance training and reduction of treatment side effects in prostate cancer patients. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2006;38(12):2045‐52. - PubMed
Grimby 1992 {published data only}
    1. Grimby G, Aniansson A, Hedberg M, Henning GB, Grangard U, Kvist H. Training can improve muscle strength and endurance in 78‐ to 84‐year‐old men. Journal of Applied Physiology 1992;73(6):2517‐23. - PubMed
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Hageman 2002 {published data only}
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Hakkinen 1999 {published data only}
    1. Hakkinen A, Sokka T, Kotaniemi A, Kautiainen H, Jappinen I, Laitinen L, et al. Dynamic strength training in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis increases muscle strength but not bone mineral density. Journal of Rheumatology 1999;26(6):1257‐63. - PubMed
Hameed 2004 {published data only}
    1. Hameed M, Lange KHW, Andersen JL, Schjerling P, Kjaer M, Harridge SDR, et al. The effect of recombinant human growth hormone and resistance training on IGF‐I mRNA expression in the muscles of elderly men. Journal of Physiology 2004;555(1):231‐40. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Hartard M, Haber P, Ilieva D, Preisinger E, Seidl G, Huber J. Systematic strength training as a model of therapeutic intervention. A controlled trial in postmenopausal women with osteopenia. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1996;75(1):21‐8. - PubMed
Haub 2002 {published data only}
    1. Haub MD, Wells AM, Tarnopolsky MA, Campbell WW. Effect of protein source on resistive‐training‐induced changes in body composition and muscle size in older men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2002;76(3):511‐7. - PMC - PubMed
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Hirsch 2003 {published data only}
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Hung 2004 {published data only}
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Hunter 2002 {published data only}
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Ibanez 2005 {published data only}
    1. Ibanez J, Izquierdo M, Arguelles I, Forga L, Larrion JL, Garcia‐Unciti M, et al. Twice‐weekly progressive resistance training decreases abdominal fat and improves insulin sensitivity in older men with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005;28(3):662‐7. - PubMed
Ivey 2000 {published data only}
    1. Ivey FM, Tracy BL, Lemmer JT, NessAiver M, Metter EJ, Fozard JL, et al. Effects of strength training and detraining on muscle quality: age and gender comparisons. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2000;55(3):B152‐7. - PubMed
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    1. Johansen KL, Painter PL, Sakkas GK, Gordon P, Doyle J, Shubert T. Effects of resistance exercise training and nandrolone decanoate on body composition and muscle function among patients who receive hemodialysis: A randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2006;17(8):2307‐14. - PubMed
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Kerr 2001 {published data only}
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Kolbe‐Alexander 2006 {published data only}
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Liu‐Ambrose 2004 {published data only}
    1. Liu‐Ambrose TYL, Khan KM, Eng JJ, Heinonen A, McKay HA. Both resistance and agility training increase cortical bone density in 75‐ to 85‐year‐old women with low bone mass: A 6‐month randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Densitometry 2004;7(4):390‐8. - PubMed
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References to studies awaiting assessment

Bennell 2007 {published data only}
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References to other published versions of this review

Latham 2003a
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