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. 2007 Sep 1;2(3):331-341.
doi: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2007.05.010.

The Development of Circadian Rhythms: From Animals To Humans

Scott A Rivkees  1
Affiliations

The Development of Circadian Rhythms: From Animals To Humans

Scott A Rivkees. Sleep Med Clin. .
No abstract available

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
A. Localization of [125I]melatonin binding to the SCN of an 18-week gestation human fetus. Specific labeling is shown in black. B. The stained section used to generate the autoradiograph in A. Reproduced by permission from ref . C. Localization of [125I]SKF38393 binding to D1 dopamine receptors in the SCN of a 20-week post conceptual human infant. Specific labeling is shown in black. D. Non-specific labeling. Reproduced by permission from ref . OC, optic chiasm; ST, striatum. Arrows identify the SCN.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Innervation of the SCN by the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) in a newborn baboon infant. A. Low-power image showing labeling of retinal fibers in the optic chiasm by horseradish peroxidase. B. Adjacent tissue section showing the location of the SCN. C. High power image showing projections of the RHT into the right SCN. D. Autoradiographic image generated from [14C]2-deoxyglocose uptake studies showing that light exposure at night induces increases in SCN metabolic activity. Areas of increased uptake are dark. Arrows identify the SCN. Scale bar = 5 mm. Reproduced by permission from ref .
Figure 3
Figure 3
Autoradiograph images of preterm baboon brain sections showing SCN DG uptake after light exposure at night. Animals shown were PC 160 or 125 and were either blindfolded or directly exposed to light. The images are obtained from mid-SCN levels. Arrows identify the SCN image. Reproduced by permission from ref .
Figure 4
Figure 4
Rest-activity patterns of a newborn human (A) and a baboon (B) infant (right). Double-plotted actograms are shown. In A, dark bars represent sleep. In B, dark bars represent activity. Please note that the circadian phase of the baboons infant was shifted by exposure to a 200 lux reversed light-dark cycle at 30 days of age, and much less so by 50 lux of exposure at 55 days of age. Reproduced by permission from ref .
Figure 5
Figure 5
Actograms of rest-activity in representative infants exposed to cycled lighting in the (top panels) or constant dim light (bottom panels). Dark bars represent activity; the same activity scale is used in each plot. The time of day is shown on top. The thick dark line in middle of plots depicts the date of discharge. Note that distinct patterns of rest and activity in the infants are more apparent after discharge in infants exposed to cycled lighting than dim lighting before discharge from the hospital. In infants exposed to dim lighting, day-night differences in rest-activity patterns in synchrony with the light-dark cycle are generally not apparent until about 20 days after discharge from the hospital.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Schematic representation of primate circadian system development based on studies of non-human primates. Estimated human ages are given.
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