Food form and portion size affect postprandial appetite sensations and hormonal responses in healthy, nonobese, older adults

Abstract

Data are limited concerning the dietary factors that influence appetite control in older adults. This study examined the effects of food form and portion size on appetite in 43 older adults (age: 72 +/- 1 years; BMI: 25.6 +/- 0.3 kg/m(2)). Subjects were assigned to groups based on portion size of the test meal (12.5% (n = 18) vs. 25% (n = 25) of estimated energy need). Subjects randomly consumed, on two separate days, the respective solid or beverage test meal. Appetite sensations and hormonal responses were measured over 4 h. Main effects of food form (P < 0.05) and/or portion size (P < 0.05) were observed for each appetite sensation. Postprandial hunger and desire to eat were greater following beverage vs. solid meal (between 12.5% vs. 25%), whereas fullness was lower after beverage vs. solid meal (P < 0.05). Main effects of food form and/or portion size were observed for glucose, insulin, and ghrelin. Postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations were lower after beverage vs. solid meal (between 12.5% vs. 25%; all comparisons, P < 0.05) whereas beverage meal led to greater 4-h ghrelin vs. solid meal (P = 0.09). No main effects were observed for glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) or cholecystokinin (CCK). When adjusting for age, food form remained significant for postprandial hunger and fullness; portion size remained significant for postprandial glucose. Greater hunger and reduced satiety with accompanying glucose, insulin, and ghrelin following the beverage vs. solid meals, and to some extent, in smaller vs. larger portions suggest that appetite control is influenced by food form and portion size in older adults. These findings may enhance the development of appropriate dietary strategies that help to regulate energy balance.

Figure 1

Experimental Design

Figure 2

Time course of the appetite sensations and hormonal responses over the 4-h period following the solid vs. beverage test-meals between subjects consuming portion sizes of 12.5% vs. 25% in solid vs. beverage forms.

Figure 3

Area Under the Curve (AUC) for the appetite sensations and hormonal responses over the 4-h period following the solid vs. beverage test-meals between subjects consuming portion sizes of 12.5% vs. 25% in solid (S) vs. beverage (B) form. Negative results (i.e., values below zero) indicate a reduction from the fasting (pre-meal) state.