Substance use, trait measures, and subjective response to nicotine in never-smokers stratified on parental smoking history and sex

Abstract

Introduction: Male and female never-smokers stratified on parental history of smoking were tested for possible differences in susceptibility to the hedonic effects of nicotine.

Methods: We recruited nicotine-exposed never-smokers with two never-smoking biological parents (PH-) or two ever-smoking biological parents (PH+). After completing a baseline assessment battery focusing on conditions or behaviors associated with smoking, participants were tested for subjective and hedonic effects in response to administration of three different nicotine doses (0.0, 0.5, and 1.0 mg) via nasal spray. Physiological and biochemical reactivity also was monitored.

Results: PH+ were significantly more likely to report having experienced a "buzz" upon early smoking experimentation and to have histories of alcohol abuse and alcoholism; they also scored higher on disordered eating. In response to nicotine dosing, PH+ reported an increase in depressed mood, compared with a minimal response in PH-, in keeping with our expectation that nicotine would have more pronounced effects in PH+. Regardless of parental history, women reported experiencing greater anxiety in response to the highest nicotine dose, compared with men.

Discussion: Further exploration in larger samples, using more stringent selection criteria, a wider range of measures, and a less aversive dosing method, may provide a full test of the possible utility of the parental history model for illuminating biobehavioral mechanisms underlying response to nicotine. Also important would be broadening the scope of inquiry to include comparisons with ever-smokers to determine what protected PH+ from becoming smokers, despite the presence of factors that might be expected to decrease resilience and increase susceptibility.

Figure 1.

Nicotine levels achieved 5 min after nicotine administration for each of the three sessions. hx− = negative history; hx+ = positive history. Significant effects: *p < .05; **p < .01; *** p < .001.

Figure 2.

Mood change (Visual Analog Scale; post minus pre) in response to 0.0, 0.5, and 1.0 mg nicotine doses (M ± SEM). Significant effects: *p < .05; **p < .01; *** p < .001.

Figure 3.

Duration of pleasurable and displeasurable sensations and willingness to readminister the same dose of nicotine in response to 0.0, 0.5, and 1.0 mg nicotine doses (M ± SEM). Significant effects: *p < .05; **p < .01; *** p < .001.

Figure 4.

Physiological effects (change in heart rate, systolic, and diastolic blood pressure, and for a subset of 23 participants, cortisol) in response to 0.0, 0.5, and 1.0 mg nicotine doses (M ± SEM). Significant effects: *p < .05; **p < .01; *** p < .001.