Evaluation of CYP3A activity in humans using three different parameters based on endogenous cortisol metabolism

Abstract

Aim: Currently, there is considerable debate as to which method is more accurate for measuring the activity of CYP3A in vivo: cortisol 6beta-hydroxylation clearance (Cl(m(6beta))) or the urinary ratio of 6beta-OHF to F (6beta-OHF/F). Furthermore, the value of measuring endogenous levels of cortisol over a 24 h period (AUC(F)) needs to be confirmed. The aim of the present study was to determine which method was most effective at measuring changes in the in vivo activity of CYP3A: AUC(F), Cl(m(6beta)), or 6beta-OHF/F.

Methods: A two phase, cross-over design was adopted in this study. A total of 24 subjects (12 males and 12 females) were randomly assigned to one of two groups: the test group subjects were given 250 mg clarithromycin tablets twice a day for a period of 4 d, whereas the control group received a placebo twice daily for a similar period. On d 5 of the study, the last dose of either clarithromycin or placebo was supplemented with an oral dose of 7.5 mg midazolam (MDZ); blood and urine samples were then collected at various times. All samples collected at the same sampling times on d 4 were used to evaluate the effects of MDZ administration on cortisol levels and metabolism. The ratio of 1-hydroxymidazolam (1-OHMDZ) concentration to MDZ concentration at 1 h (MR) was taken as a measure of the in vivo CYP3A activity. AUC(F), Cl(m(6beta)), and 6beta-OHF/F were also used as biomarkers for CYP3A activity.

Results: No correlations were found (either before or after inhibition) between CYP3A activity and any of the following measures: AUC(F), Cl(m(6beta)), or 6beta-OHF/F (r<0.4, P>0.05). After 4 d of clarithromycin administration, CYP3A activity (MR) decreased by 75% (P=0.000), whereas AUC(F) increased by 19% (P=0.040), and Cl(m(6beta)) and 6beta-OHF/F decreased by 54.2% (P=0.000) and 50% (P=0.003), respectively. No significant changes in AUC(F) (P=0.178), or in the amount of urinary 6beta-OHF (P=0.169), or in F (P=0.391) were found over a 24 h time period, either with or without MDZ administration.

Conclusion: Although Cl(m(6beta)) and 6beta-OHF/F can reflect the decline in CYP3A activity, the impression they provide is neither accurate nor complete. AUC(F) is completely ineffective for evaluating variations in CYP3A activity. MDZ administration had no evident effects on either cortisol metabolism or excretion over a period of 24 h.

Figure 1

Variations in CYP3A activity (MR) before and after inhibition by clarithromycin (n=24). MR: the plasma concentration ratio of 1-OHMDZ to MDZ at 1 h.

Figure 2

AUC_F, Cl_m(6β), and 6β-OHF/F variations during the 0–24 h time-period before and after clarithromycin pretreatment, and also in the absence of MDZ administration (n=24). ^bP<0.05, ^cP<0.01. MR: the plasma concentration ratio of 1-OHMDZ to MDZ at 1 h.

Figure 3

(A) Correlation between AUC_F and CYP3A activity (MR) before inhibition by clarithromycin (n=24); (B) Correlation between AUC_F and CYP3A activity after inhibition by clarithromycin (n=24); (C) Correlation between the change in AUC_F and CYP3A activity (n=24). MR: the plasma concentration ratio of 1-OHMDZ to MDZ at 1 h.

Figure 4

(A) Correlation between Cl_m(6β) and CYP3A activity before inhibition by clarithromycin (n=24); (B) Correlation between Cl_m(6β) and CYP3A activity after inhibition by clarithromycin (n=24); (C) Correlation between the change in Cl_m(6β) and CYP3A activity (n=24). MR: the plasma concentration ratio of 1-OHMDZ to MDZ at 1 h.

Figure 5

(A) Correlation between 6β-OHF/F and CYP3A activity before inhibition by clarithromycin (n=24); (B) Correlation between 6β-OHF/F and CYP3A activity after inhibition by clarithromycin (n=24); (C) Correlation between the change in 6β-OHF/F and CYP3A activity (n=24). MR: the plasma concentration ratio of 1-OHMDZ to MDZ at 1 h.