Abnormal cortisol levels during the day and cortisol awakening response in first-episode psychosis: the role of stress and of antipsychotic treatment

Abstract

First-episode psychosis (FEP) patients show hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, but the mechanisms leading to this are still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of stress and antipsychotic treatment on diurnal cortisol levels, and on cortisol awakening response, in FEP. Recent stressful events, perceived stress and childhood trauma were collected in 50 FEP patients and 36 healthy controls using structured instruments. Salivary cortisol was obtained at awakening, at 15, 30, and 60min after awakening, and at 12 and 8pm. Patients experienced more recent stressful events, perceived stress and childhood trauma than controls (p<0.001). Patients had a trend for higher diurnal cortisol levels (p=0.055), with those with less than two weeks of antipsychotics showing significantly higher cortisol levels than both patients with more than two weeks of antipsychotics (p=0.005) and controls (p=0.002). Moreover, patients showed a blunted cortisol awakening response compared with controls, irrespectively of antipsychotic treatment (p=0.049). These abnormalities in patients were not driven by the excess of stressors: diurnal cortisol levels were negatively correlated with the number of recent stressful events (r=-0.36, p=0.014), and cortisol awakening response was positively correlated with a history of sexual childhood abuse (r=0.33, p=0.033). No significant correlations were found between perceived stress or severity of symptoms and cortisol levels, either diurnal or in the awakening response. Our study shows that antipsychotics normalize diurnal cortisol hyper-secretion but not the blunted cortisol awakening response in FEP; factors other than the excess of psychosocial stress explain HPA axis abnormalities in FEP.

Fig. 1

Cortisol levels during the day infirst-episode psychosis patients (closed symbol) and in controls (open symbol).

Fig. 2

Cortisol levels during the day in patients with less than two weeks of antipsychotic treatment, patients with more than two weeks of antipsychotic treatment, and controls. * indicates a statistically significant difference in the Area Under the Curve (AUC) of cortisol levels during the day between patients with less than two weeks of antipsychotic treatment and both controls and patients with more than two weeks of antipsychotic treatment.

Fig. 3

Cortisol awakening response in patients with less than two weeks of antipsychotic treatment, patients with more than two weeks of antipsychotic treatment, and controls. Cortisol levels are presented as delta changes from time 0 of the awakening.