Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2009 Nov;38(10):1304-15.
doi: 10.1007/s10964-009-9403-2. Epub 2009 Mar 11.

Linkages over time between adolescents' relationships with parents and friends

Irene H A De Goede  1 , Susan J T Branje, Marc J M H Delsing, Wim H J Meeus
Affiliations

Linkages over time between adolescents' relationships with parents and friends

Irene H A De Goede et al. J Youth Adolesc. 2009 Nov.

Abstract

This 5-wave longitudinal study examines linkages over time between adolescents' perceptions of relationships with parents and friends with respect to support, negative interaction, and power. A total of 575 early adolescents (54.1% boys) and 337 middle adolescents (43.3% boys) participated. Path analyses mainly showed bidirectional associations between adolescents' perceptions of parent-adolescent relationships and friendships with a predominantly stronger influence from parent-adolescent relationships to friendships than vice versa in early to middle adolescence and an equal mutual influence in middle to late adolescence. The findings support the theoretical ideas that perceptions of relationships with parents generalize to perceptions of relationships with friends and that relationship skills and principles of adolescent friendships generalize to relationships with parents. Furthermore, the results indicate that the influence of parents decreases, whereas the influence of friends increases, and that both social worlds become equally important and overlapping towards late adolescence.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Linkages between support from parents and friends in early to middle adolescence. Note: *p < .05, **p < .01
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Linkages between support from parents and friends in middle to late adolescence. Note: *p < .05, **p < .01
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Linkages between negative interaction with parents and friends in early to middle adolescence. Note: *p < .05, **p < .01
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Linkages between negative interaction with parents and friends in middle to late adolescence Note: *p < .05, **p < .01
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Linkages between power of parents and friends in early to middle adolescence. Note: *p < .05, **p < .01
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Linkages between power of parents and friends in middle to late adolescence. Note: *p < .05, **p < .01
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. None
    2. Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'DOI', 'value': '10.2307/584316', 'is_inner': False, 'url': 'https://doi.org/10.2307/584316'}]}
    2. Bell, L. G., Cornwell, C. S., & Bell, D. C. (1988). Peer relationships of adolescent daughters: A reflection of family relationship patterns. Family Relations,37, 171–174. doi:10.2307/584316.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'DOI', 'value': '10.1207/s15427617rhd0301_4', 'is_inner': False, 'url': 'https://doi.org/10.1207/s15427617rhd0301_4'}]}
    2. Benson, M. J., McWey, L. M., & Ross, J. J. (2006). Parental attachment and peer relations in adolescence: A meta-analysis. Research in Human Development,3, 33–43. doi:10.1207/s15427617rhd0301_4.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'DOI', 'value': '10.1111/1467-8721.00157', 'is_inner': False, 'url': 'https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00157'}]}
    2. Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. Current Directions in Psychological Science,11, 7–10. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00157.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '5590064', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5590064/'}]}
    2. Blos, P. (1967). The second individuation process of adolescence. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child,22, 162–186. - PubMed