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Review
. 2009 Sep;5(7):977-92.
doi: 10.2217/fon.09.57.

Clinical states model for biomarkers in bladder cancer

Andrea B Apolo  1 , Matthew Milowsky, Dean F Bajorin
Affiliations
Review

Clinical states model for biomarkers in bladder cancer

Andrea B Apolo et al. Future Oncol. 2009 Sep.

Abstract

Bladder cancer is a significant healthcare problem in the USA, with a high recurrence rate, the need for expensive continuous surveillance and limited treatment options for patients with advanced disease. Research has contributed to an understanding of the molecular pathways involved in the development and progression of bladder cancer, and that understanding has led to the discovery of potentially diagnostic, predictive and prognostic biomarkers. In this review, a clinical states model of bladder cancer is introduced and integrated into a paradigm for biomarker development. Biomarkers are systematically incorporated with predefined end points to aid in clinical management.

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Figures

Figure
Figure. A dynamic clinical states model in bladder cancer (Adapted from Scher et al[8])
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