Specification of the cardiac conduction system by transcription factors

Abstract

Diseases of the cardiovascular system that cause sudden cardiac deaths are often caused by lethal arrhythmias that originate from defects in the cardiac conduction system. Development of the cardiac conduction system is a complex biological process that can be wrought with problems. Although several genes involved in mature conduction system function have been identified, their association with development of specific subcomponents of the cardiac conduction system remains challenging. Several transcription factors, including homeodomain proteins and T-box proteins, are essential for cardiac conduction system morphogenesis and activation or repression of key regulatory genes. In addition, several transcription factors modify expression of genes encoding the ion channel proteins that contribute to the electrophysiological properties of the conduction system and govern contraction of the surrounding myocardium. Loss of transcriptional regulation during cardiac development has detrimental effects on cardiogenesis that may lead to arrhythmias. Human genetic mutations in some of these transcription factors have been identified and are known to cause congenital heart diseases that include cardiac conduction system malformations. In this review, we summarize the contributions of several key transcription factors to specification, patterning, maturation, and function of the cardiac conduction system. Further analysis of the molecular programs involved in this process should lead to improved diagnosis and therapy of conduction system disease.

Figure

Transcription factors required for development of the cardiac conduction system. A schematic representation of the components comprising the mammalian cardiac conduction system is shown including the position of the primitive embryonic atrioventricular ring (gray ellipse). The transcription factors known to regulate specification, patterning, maturation and function of these components are indicated in italics. They include: Nkx2.5, Shox2, Hop, Irx4, Irx5, Tbx2, Tbx3, Tbx18, Tbx5 and Id2. (Adapted from Moskowitz et al. with permission.).