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Review
. 2010 Feb 9;99(2):246-53.
doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.09.015. Epub 2009 Oct 1.

Relationships of putative endocrine disruptors to human sexual maturation and thyroid activity in youth

Lawrence M Schell  1 , Mia V Gallo
Affiliations
Review

Relationships of putative endocrine disruptors to human sexual maturation and thyroid activity in youth

Lawrence M Schell et al. Physiol Behav. .

Abstract

Endocrine disruption has become a significant human health concern, but is difficult to study outside of the laboratory for several reasons including the multiplicity of exposures, the difficulty in assessing each exposure, and the variety of possible outcomes among human populations. This review summarizes our studies of the relationships of measured persistent organic pollutants (PCBs, p,p'-DDE, HCB and mirex), and heavy metals (lead and mercury), to outcomes directly related to thyroid function and sexual maturation. These studies were conducted in a sample of Native American youth from the Akwesasne Mohawk community. The participants were first studied during puberty (10-16.9 years of age) and then at approximately 18 years of age. Results from these studies show that PCB levels are positively related to TSH and negatively to free T4. Further, these effects are conditioned by breastfeeding history. Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody levels also are related to PCB levels suggesting elevated risk of autoimmune disease among the exposed. Earlier age at menarche is associated with higher PCB levels while risk of delay is associated with higher lead levels. Some evidence that the timing of exposure produces different effects is presented, and the level of exposure in the participants suggests that effects observed may be relevant to a considerable proportion of the US population. Further investigations are warranted to determine effect thresholds and mechanisms.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Comparison of the sum of seven PCB congeners (IUPAC #118, 138, 153, 170, 180, 187; in ppb) with other studies of similarly aged samples from Rhine Valley [58], Kazakhstan [59] and the United States [62].
Figure 2
Figure 2
Percent of Akwesasne girls who achieved menarche.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Median age at menarche based on logistic regression model controlling for SES, and other toxicants.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Predicted TSH and fT4 levels in relation to PCB levels among breastfed (BF) and non-breastfed (NBF) Akwesasne youth.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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