Alternative polyadenylation: a mechanism maximizing transcriptome diversity in higher eukaryotes

Abstract

Based on comparative genome analyses, the increases in protein-coding gene number could not account for the increases of morphological and behavioral complexity of higher eukaryotes. Transcriptional regulations, alternative splicing and the involvement of non-coding RNA in gene expression regulations have been credited for the drastic increase of transcriptome complexity. However, an emerging theme of another mechanism that contributes to the formation of alternative mRNA 3'-ends is alternative polyadenylation (APA). First, recent studies indicated that APA is a wide spread phenomenon across the transcriptomes of higher eukaryotes and being regulated by developmental and environmental cues. Secondly, our characterization of the Arabidopsis polyadenylation factors suggested that plant polyadenylation has also evolved to regulate the expression of specific genes by means of APA and therefore the specific biological functions. Finally, Phylogenetic analyses of eukaryotic polyadenylation factors from several organisms revealed that the number of polyadenylation factors tends to increase in higher eukaryotes, which provides the potential for their functional differentiation in regulating gene expression through APA. Based on above evidence, we, thus, hypothesize that APA, serving as an additional mechanism, contributes to the complexity of higher eukaryotes.

Figure 1

The increased number of core polyadenylation factors in a range of eukaryotes. The polyadenylation factors were identified based on phylogenetic analyses from lower (L) to higher (H) eukaryotes. Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), Human (Homo sapiens), Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), Rice (Oryza sativa Japonica), Lycophyte (Selaginella moellendorffii) and Green algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii).