Meta-Analysis
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003246.pub2.
Intravenous oxytocin alone for cervical ripening and induction of labour
Affiliations
- PMID: 19821304
- PMCID: PMC4164045
- DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003246.pub2
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Meta-Analysis
Intravenous oxytocin alone for cervical ripening and induction of labour
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
.
Abstract
Background: Oxytocin is the commonest induction agent used worldwide. It has been used alone, in combination with amniotomy or following cervical ripening with other pharmacological or non-pharmacological methods.
Objectives: To determine the effects of oxytocin alone for third trimester cervical ripening and induction of labour in comparison with other methods of induction of labour or placebo/no treatment.
Search strategy: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (January 2009) and bibliographies of relevant papers.
Selection criteria: Randomised and quasi-randomised trials comparing intravenous oxytocin with placebo or no treatment, or with prostaglandins (vaginal or intracervical) for third trimester cervical ripening or labour induction.
Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently assessed eligibility and carried out data extraction.
Main results: Sixty-one trials (12,819 women) are included.When oxytocin inductions were compared with expectant management, fewer women failed to deliver vaginally within 24 hours (8.4% versus 53.8%, risk ratio (RR) 0.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.10 to 0.25). There was a significant increase in the number of women requiring epidural analgesia (RR 1.10, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.17). Fewer women were dissatisfied with oxytocin induction in the one trial reporting this outcome (5.9% versus 13.7%, RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.56).Compared with vaginal prostaglandins, oxytocin increased unsuccessful vaginal delivery within 24 hours in the two trials reporting this outcome (70% versus 21%, RR 3.33, 95% CI 1.61 to 6.89). There was a small increase in epidurals when oxytocin alone was used (RR 1.09, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.17).Most of the studies included women with ruptured membranes, and there was some evidence that vaginal prostaglandin increased infection in mothers (chorioamnionitis RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.92) and babies (use of antibiotics RR 0.68, 95% CI 0.53 to 0.87). These data should be interpreted cautiously as infection was not pre-specified in the original review protocol.When oxytocin was compared with intracervical prostaglandins, there was an increase in unsuccessful vaginal delivery within 24 hours (50.4% versus 34.6%, RR 1.47, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.96) and an increase in caesarean sections (19.1% versus 13.7%, RR 1.37, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.74) in the oxytocin group.
Authors' conclusions: Comparison of oxytocin with either intravaginal or intracervical PGE2 reveals that the prostaglandin agents probably increase the chances of achieving vaginal birth within 24 hours. Oxytocin induction may increase the rate of interventions in labour.A suggestion that for women with prelabour rupture of membranes induction with vaginal prostaglandin may increase risk of infection for mother and baby warrants further study.
Conflict of interest statement
None known.
Figures
Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours.
Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes.
Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.
Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 4 Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies.
Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 5 Serious maternal morbidity or death.
Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.
Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 9 Uterine rupture.
Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 10 Epidural analgesia.
Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 12 Meconium‐stained liquor.
Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.
Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 14 Neonatal intensive care unit admission.
Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 16 Perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies.
Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 19 Nausea.
Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 20 Vomiting.
Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 21 Diarrhoea.
Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.
Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 26 Woman not satisfied.
Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 28 Chorioamnionitis.
Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 29 Endometritis.
Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 30 Maternal antibiotics.
Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 31 Neonatal infection.
Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 32 Neonatal antibiotics.
Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 33 Neonatal jaundice.
Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 34 Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.
Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 35 Apgar score < 7 at 1 minute.
Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours.
Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.
Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 4 Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies.
Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 5 Serious maternal morbidity or death.
Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.
Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 10 Epidural analgesia.
Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.
Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 14 Neonatal intensive care unit admission.
Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 16 Perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies.
Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.
Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 28 Chorioamnionitis.
Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 29 Endometritis.
Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 31 Neonatal infection.
Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 32 Neonatal antibiotics.
Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 33 Neonatal jaundice.
Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 34 Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.
Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 35 Apgar score < 7 at 1 minute.
Comparison 3 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.
Comparison 3 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 4 Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies.
Comparison 3 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 10 Epidural analgesia.
Comparison 3 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
Comparison 3 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 12 Meconium‐stained liquor.
Comparison 3 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.
Comparison 3 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 14 Neonatal intensive care unit admission.
Comparison 3 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 16 Perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies.
Comparison 3 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 32 Neonatal antibiotics.
Comparison 4 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 1 Caesarean section.
Comparison 4 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 2 Apgar score < 7 at 1 minute.
Comparison 4 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 3 Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies.
Comparison 4 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 4 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.
Comparison 4 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
Comparison 4 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.
Comparison 4 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 16 Perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies.
Comparison 4 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.
Comparison 4 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 28 Chorioamnionitis.
Comparison 4 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 29 Endometritis.
Comparison 4 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 31 Neonatal infection.
Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours.
Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes.
Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.
Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 4 Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies.
Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 5 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.
Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 6 Uterine rupture.
Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 7 Epidural analgesia.
Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 8 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 9 Meconium‐stained liquor.
Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 10 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.
Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 11 Neonatal intensive care unit admission.
Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 12 Perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies.
Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 13 Nausea.
Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 14 Vomiting.
Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 15 Diarrhoea.
Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 16 Postpartum haemorrhage.
Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 17 Woman not satisfied.
Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 18 Chorioamnionitis.
Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 19 Endometritis.
Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 20 Maternal antibiotics.
Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 21 Neonatal infection.
Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 22 Neonatal antibiotics.
Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 24 Apgar score < 7 at 1 minute.
Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 25 Neonatal jaundice.
Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 26 Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.
Comparison 6 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all primiparae, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.
Comparison 6 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all primiparae, Outcome 4 Serious neonatal morbidity/perinatal death.
Comparison 6 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all primiparae, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.
Comparison 6 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all primiparae, Outcome 10 Epidural analgesia.
Comparison 6 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all primiparae, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
Comparison 6 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all primiparae, Outcome 12 Meconium‐stained liquor.
Comparison 6 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all primiparae, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.
Comparison 6 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all primiparae, Outcome 14 Neonatal intensive care unit admission.
Comparison 6 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all primiparae, Outcome 16 Perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies.
Comparison 6 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all primiparae, Outcome 20 Vomiting.
Comparison 6 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all primiparae, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.
Comparison 7 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all multiparae, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.
Comparison 7 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all multiparae, Outcome 4 Serious neonatal morbidity/perinatal death.
Comparison 7 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all multiparae, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.
Comparison 7 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all multiparae, Outcome 10 Epidural analgesia.
Comparison 7 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all multiparae, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
Comparison 7 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all multiparae, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.
Comparison 7 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all multiparae, Outcome 14 Neonatal intensive care unit admission.
Comparison 7 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all multiparae, Outcome 20 Vomiting.
Comparison 7 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all multiparae, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.
Comparison 8 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx : all women, previous CS, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.
Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours.
Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes.
Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.
Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 4 Serious neonatal morbidity/perinatal death excluding major congenital malformations.
Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 5 Serious maternal morbidity or death.
Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 6 Cervix unfavourable/unchanged after 12‐24 hours.
Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.
Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 9 Uterine rupture.
Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 10 Epidural analgesia.
Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 12 Meconium‐stained liquor.
Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.
Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 14 Neonatal intensive care unit admission.
Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 16 Perinatal death, excluding major congenital malformations.
Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 18 Maternal side
effects (all).
Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 19 Maternal nausea.
Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 20 Maternal vomiting.
Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 21 Maternal diarrhoea.
Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.
Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 26 Women not satisfied.
Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 28 Chorioamnionitis.
Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 29 Endometritis.
Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 30 Maternal antibiotics.
Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 31 Neonatal infection.
Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 32 Neonatal antibiotics.
Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 33 Neonatal jaundice.
Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 35 Apgar score < 7 at 1 minute.
Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours.
Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes.
Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.
Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 4 Serious neonatal morbidity/perinatal death excluding major congenital malformations.
Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 5 Serious maternal morbidity or death.
Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 6 Cervix unfavourable/unchanged after 12‐24 hours.
Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.
Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 10 Epidural analgesia.
Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 12 Meconium‐stained liquor.
Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.
Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 16 Perinatal death, excluding major congenital malformations.
Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 19 Maternal nausea.
Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 20 Maternal vomiting.
Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 21 Maternal diarrhoea.
Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.
Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 26 Women not satisfied.
Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 29 Endometritis.
Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 30 Maternal antibiotics.
Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 31 Neonatal infection.
Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 32 Neonatal antibiotics.
Comparison 11 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes.
Comparison 11 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.
Comparison 11 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 5 Serious maternal morbidity or death.
Comparison 11 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 6 Cervix unfavourable/unchanged after 12‐24 hours.
Comparison 11 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.
Comparison 11 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
Comparison 11 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.
Comparison 11 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 18 Maternal side
effects (all).
Comparison 11 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 19 Maternal nausea.
Comparison 11 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.
Comparison 11 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 26 Women not satisfied.
Comparison 11 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 35 Apgar score < 7 at 1 minute.
Comparison 12 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 1 Cervix unfavourable or unchanged after 12/24 hours.
Comparison 12 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 2 Caesarean section.
Comparison 12 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 3 Serious maternal morbidity or death.
Comparison 12 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 5 Uterine
hyperstimulation.
Comparison 12 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
Comparison 12 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.
Comparison 12 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 35 Apgar score < 7 at 1 minute.
Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours.
Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes.
Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.
Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 4 Serious neonatal morbidity/perinatal death excluding major congenital malformations.
Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 5 Serious maternal morbidity or death.
Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 6 Cervix unfavourable or unchanged after 12/24 hours.
Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.
Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 9 Uterine rupture.
Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 10 Epidural analgesia.
Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 12 Meconium‐stained liquor.
Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.
Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 14 Neonatal intensive care unit admission.
Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 16 Perinatal death, excluding major congenital malformations.
Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 19 Maternal nausea.
Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 20 Maternal vomiting.
Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 21 Maternal diarrhoea.
Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.
Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 26 Women not satisfied.
Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 28 Chorioamnionitis.
Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 29 Endometritis.
Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 30 Maternal antibiotics.
Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 31 Neonatal infection.
Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 32 Neonatal antibiotics.
Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 33 Neonatal jaundice.
Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 35 Apgar score < 7 at 1 minute.
Comparison 14 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours.
Comparison 14 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes.
Comparison 14 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.
Comparison 14 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 4 Serious neonatal morbidity/perinatal death excluding major congenital malformations.
Comparison 14 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.
Comparison 14 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 10 Epidural analgesia.
Comparison 14 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
Comparison 14 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.
Comparison 14 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 14 Neonatal intensive care unit admission.
Comparison 14 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 19 Maternal nausea.
Comparison 14 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 20 Maternal vomiting.
Comparison 14 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 21 Maternal diarrhoea.
Comparison 15 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2, all multiparae, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes.
Comparison 15 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2, all multiparae, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.
Comparison 15 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2, all multiparae, Outcome 4 Serious neonatal morbidity/perinatal death excluding major congenital malformations.
Comparison 15 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2, all multiparae, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.
Comparison 15 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2, all multiparae, Outcome 10 Epidural analgesia.
Comparison 15 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2, all multiparae, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
Comparison 15 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2, all multiparae, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.
Comparison 15 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2, all multiparae, Outcome 14 Neonatal intensive care unit admission.
Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours.
Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes.
Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.
Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 5 Serious maternal morbidity or death.
Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 6 Cervix unfavourable/unchanged after 12‐24 hours.
Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.
Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.
Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 16 Perinatal death excluding major congenital malformations.
Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 18 Maternal side
effects (all).
Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 19 Maternal nausea.
Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 20 Maternal vomiting.
Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 21 Maternal diarrhoea.
Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.
Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 26 Women not satisfied.
Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 28 Chorioamnionitis.
Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 29 Endometritis.
Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 31 Neonatal infection.
Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 35 Apgar score < 7 at 1 minute.
Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours.
Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes.
Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.
Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 6 Cervix unfavourable/unchanged after 12‐24 hours.
Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.
Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.
Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 18 Maternal side
effects (all).
Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 20 Maternal vomiting.
Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 21 Maternal diarrhoea.
Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.
Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 26 Women not satisfied.
Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 28 Chorioamnionitis.
Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 29 Endometritis.
Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 31 Neonatal infection.
Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 35 Apgar score < 7 at 1 minute.
Comparison 18 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours.
Comparison 18 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes.
Comparison 18 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.
Comparison 18 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.
Comparison 18 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 18 Maternal side effects (all).
Comparison 18 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 20 Maternal vomiting.
Comparison 18 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 21 Maternal diarrhoea.
Comparison 19 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours.
Comparison 19 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes.
Comparison 19 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.
Comparison 19 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 4 Cervix unfavourable/unchanged after 12‐24 hours.
Comparison 19 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 5 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.
Comparison 19 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 6 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
Comparison 19 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 7 Apgar score < 7 at 1 minute.
Comparison 19 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 8 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.
Comparison 19 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 11 Postpartum haemorrhage.
Comparison 19 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 13 Women not satisfied.
Comparison 19 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 18 Maternal side effects (all).
Comparison 19 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 19 Maternal nausea.
Comparison 19 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 20 Maternal vomiting.
Comparison 19 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 21 Maternal diarrhoea.
Comparison 20 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.
Comparison 20 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
Comparison 20 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.
Comparison 20 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 28 Chorioamnionitis.
Comparison 20 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 29 Endometritis.
Comparison 20 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 31 Neonatal infection.
Comparison 21 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours.
Comparison 21 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes.
Comparison 21 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.
Comparison 21 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.
Comparison 21 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
Comparison 21 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.
Comparison 21 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 18 Maternal side effects (all).
Comparison 21 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 19 Maternal nausea.
Comparison 21 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 20 Maternal vomiting.
Comparison 21 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 21 Maternal diarrhoea.
Comparison 22 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all multiparae, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.
Comparison 22 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all multiparae, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 1 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes.
Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 2 Caesarean section.
Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 3 Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death.
Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 4 Cervix unfavourable or unchanged after 12/24 hours.
Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 5 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.
Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 6 Epidural analgesia.
Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 7 Instrumental vaginal delivery.
Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 8 Perinatal death.
Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 9 Vomiting.
Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 10 Diarrhoea.
Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 11 Chorioamnionitis.
Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 12 Endometritis.
Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 13 Neonatal infection.
Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 14 Neonatal jaundice.
Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 15 Apgar score less than 7 at 1 minute.
Update of
-
Intravenous oxytocin alone for cervical ripening and induction of labour.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD003246. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003246. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Oct 07;(4):CD003246. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003246.pub2. PMID: 11687060 Updated.
References
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Duff 1984 {published data only}
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Egarter 1987 {published data only}
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Ekman‐Ordeberg 1985 {published data only}
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Grant 1992 {published data only}
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Jackson 1994 {published data only}
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Jagani 1984 {published data only}
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Ladfors 1996 {published data only}
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Lange 1984 {published data only}
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Legarth 1987 {published data only}
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Macer 1984 {published data only}
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MacLennan 1980 {published data only}
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Papageorgiou 1992 {published data only}
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Pollnow 1996 {published data only}
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Roberts 1986 {published data only}
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Rydhstrom 1991 {published data only}
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Silva‐Cruz 1988 {published data only}
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Sperling 1993 {published data only}
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Tamsen 1990 {published data only}
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Ulmsten 1979 {published data only}
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Valadan 2005 {published data only}
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Van Der Walt 1989 {published data only}
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Wilson 1978 {published data only}
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- Wilson PD. A comparison of four methods of ripening the unfavourable cervix. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1978;85:941‐4. - PubMed
Wiqvist 1986 {published data only}
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- Wiqvist I, Norstrom A, Wiqvist N. Induction of labor by intra‐cervical PGE2 in viscous gel. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1986;65:485‐92. - PubMed
Yang 1994 {published data only}
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- Yang ZY, Li‐E, Yu‐SS. [15‐Methyl‐PGF2 alpha vaginal suppository for induction of term labor]. Chung‐Hua‐Fu‐Chan‐Ko‐Tsa‐Chih 1994;29:273‐5, 316. - PubMed
Zahradnik 1987 {published data only}
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- Zahradnik HP, Quaas L, Kroner‐Fehmel EE, Kieback DG, Lippert TH. Cervical priming prior to induction of labor with oxytocin. Clinical study with a new prostaglandin E2‐triacetin gel [Medikamentose Zervixreifung vor Oxytocin‐Geburtseinleitung. Klinische Studie mit einem neuen Prostaglandin E2‐Triacetin‐Gel.]. Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde 1987;47:190‐2. - PubMed
References to studies excluded from this review
Anderson 1971 {published data only}
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- Anderson G, Cordero L, Speroff L, Hobbins J. Clinical use of prostaglandins as oxytocin substances. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1971;180:499‐512. - PubMed
Andreasson 1985 {published data only}
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- Andreasson B, Bock JE, Larken J. Induction of labor: a double‐blind randomized controlled trial of prostaglandin E2 vaginal gel suppositories compared with intranasal oxytocin and with sequential treatment. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1985;64:157‐61. - PubMed
Arulkumaran 1985 {published data only}
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Ashworth 1988 {unpublished data only}
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Atad 1999 {published data only}
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- Atad J, Porat‐Pecker T. A randomized comparison of PGE2 vaginal tablets, oxytocin and the double balloon device for labor induction. 1st World Congress on Controversies in Obstetrics Gynecology and Infertility; 1999 Oct 28‐31; Prague, Czech Republic. 1999.
Auner 1993 {published data only}
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Bergsjo 1969 {published data only}
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Blackburn 1973 {published data only}
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- Blackburn MG, Mancusi‐Unbaro HR, Orzalesi MM, Hobbins JC, Anderson GG. Effects on the neonate of the induction of labor with prostaglandin F2alpha and oxytocin. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1973;116:847‐53. - PubMed
Blakemore 1990 {published data only}
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Bredow 1990 {published data only}
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Bremme 1980 {published data only}
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Chestnut 1994 {published data only}
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Christensen 2001 {published data only}
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Coleman 1997 {published data only}
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Crane 1993 {published data only}
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- Crane J, Reardon E. A prospective randomized study of high dose vs low dose oxytocin infusion for labour induction. Proceedings of 49th Annual Clinical Meeting of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada;1993 June 22‐26; Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 1993:109.
Cummiskey 1990 {published data only}
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- Cummiskey KC, Dawood MY. Induction of labor with pulsatile oxytocin. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1990;163:1868‐74. - PubMed
Danezis 1962 {published data only}
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- Danezis J, Cohen J, Burnhill MS. A comparison of synthetic and natural oxytocin as determined by intra‐amniotic fluid pressure recordings. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1962;83:770‐3. - PubMed
Daniel‐Spiegel 2004 {published data only}
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Dawood 1995 {published data only}
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- Dawood MY. Novel approach to oxytocin induction‐augmentation of labor. Application of oxytocin physiology during pregnancy. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1995;395:585‐94. - PubMed
De Leon Casasola 1993 {published data only}
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- Leon‐Casasola OA, Kirch D, Karas P, Syed N, Blumenson L, Lema MJ. The influence of birthweight and oxytocin in the quality of epidural analgesia during labor. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1993;76 Suppl:S74.
Dietl 1987 {published data only}
-
- Dietl J. Induction of labour by prostaglandins. Personal communication 1987.
Fuchs 2006 {published data only}
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- Fuchs K, Brard L, Hodgman D, Silver H. Prostaglandin E1 gel vs. oxytocin for induction of labor at term. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2006;195(6 Suppl 1):S101.
Gibb 1985 {published data only}
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- Gibb DMF, Arulkumaran S, Ratnam SS. A comparative study of methods of oxytocin administration for induction of labour. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1985;92:688‐92. - PubMed
Gillot 1974 {published data only}
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- Gillot M, Lambotte R. Comparison of efficacy of dinoprostone (PGE2) and demoxytocin (deaminooxytocin) in induction of labor [Comparaison entre l'efficacite de la prostaglandine E2 (PGE2) et de la desamino ocytocine dans l'induction du travail]. Revue Francaise de Gynecologie et d'Obstetrique 1974;69(11):617‐21.
Gloeb 1989 {published data only}
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- Gloeb DJ, O'Sullivan MJ, Beydoun SN. Relationship of the interval between spontaneous premature rupture of the membranes and inducibility of labor. Proceedings of 9th Annual Meeting of the Society of Perinatal Obstetricians; 1989 February 1‐4; New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. 1989:493.
Gonen 1997 {published data only}
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- Gonen O, Rosen DJD, Dolfin Z, Tepper R, Markov S, Fejgin MD. Induction of labor versus expectant management in macrosomia: a randomized study. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1997;89(6):913‐7. - PubMed
Goni 1995 {published data only}
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- Goni S, Sawhney H, Gopalan S. Oxytocin induction of labor: a comparison of 20‐ and 60‐min dose increment levels. International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;48:31‐6. - PubMed
Hannah 1992 {published data only}
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- Hannah ME, Hannah WJ, Hellman J, Hewson S, Milner R, Willan A. Induction of labor as compared with serial antenatal monitoring in post‐term pregnancy. New England Journal of Medicine 1992;24:1587‐92. - PubMed
Hendricks 1964 {published data only}
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- Hendricks CH, Brenner WE. Patterns of increasing uterine activity in late pregnancy and the development of uterine responsiveness to oxytocin. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1964;90:485‐92. - PubMed
Hourvitz 1996 {published data only}
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- Hourvitz A, Alcalay M, Korach J, Lusky A, Barkai G, Seidman DS. A prospective study of high‐ versus low‐dose oxytocin for induction of labor. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1996;75:636‐41. - PubMed
Kashanian 2007 {published data only}
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Kjos 1993 {published data only}
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- Kjos SL, Henry OA, Montoro M, Buchanan TA, Mestman JH. Insulin‐requiring diabetes in pregnancy: a randomized trial of active induction of labor and expectant management. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1993;169:611‐5. - PubMed
Knox 1979 {published data only}
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- Knox GE, Huddleston JF, Flowers CE, Eubanks A, Sutliff G. Management of prolonged pregnancy: results of a prospective randomized trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1979;134:376‐84. - PubMed
Larsen 1983 {published data only}
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Lazor 1993 {published data only}
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- Lazor LZ, Philipson EH, Ingardia CJ, Kobetitsch ES, Curry SL. A randomized comparison of 15‐ and 40‐minute dosing protocols for labor augmentation and induction. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1993;82:1009‐12. - PubMed
Leszczynska‐Gorzelak 1993 {published data only}
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- Leszczynska‐Gorzelak B, Jakimiuk A, Oleszczuk J. Cortisol in amniotic fluid during induced deliveries by prostaglandin E2 [Cortisol im Fruchtwasser wahrend der durch PGE2 induzierten Geburten]. Zentralblatt fur Gynakologie 1993;115:550‐2. - PubMed
Lowensohn 1990 {published data only}
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- Lowensohn RI, Jenson JT. Oxytocin use in induction and augmentation of labor. Proceedings of 10th Annual Meeting of Society of Perinatal Obstetricians; 1990 January 23‐27; Houston, Texas, USA. 1990:76.
MacLennan 1988 {published data only}
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- MacLennan AH, Day A, Green RC. Intravaginal PGF2alpha versus intravenous oxytocin to stimulate labour after membrane rupture, a randomised controlled trial. Proceedings of 1st European Congress on Prostaglandins in Reproduction; 1988 July 6‐9; Vienna, Austria. 1988:118.
Mahmood 1995 {published data only}
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- Mahmood TA, Dick MJW. A randomized trial of management of pre‐labor rupture of membranes at term in multiparous women using vaginal prostaglandin gel. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;85:71‐4. - PubMed
Mercer 1993 {published data only}
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- Mercer BM, Crocker LG, Boe NM, Sibai BM. Induction versus expectant management in premature rupture of the membranes with mature amniotic fluid at 32 to 36 weeks: a randomized trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1993;169(4):775‐82. - PubMed
Merrill 1999 {published data only}
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Milasinovic 1997 {published data only}
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- Milasinovic L, Vuleta P, Radeka G, Petrovic D, Orelj M. Prostaglandins in induced term delivery with premature rupture of fetal membranes [Prostaglandini u indukciji porodaja u terminu s prevremenim prsnucem plodovih ovojaka]. Medicinski Pregled 1997;50(5‐6):175‐80. - PubMed
Moise 1991 {published data only}
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- Moise KJ, Cano LE, Hesketh DE. A prospective randomized comparison of a new synthetic laminaria, intracervical prostaglandin E2 gel, and oxytocin for preinduction ripening of the term cervix. Proceedings of 39th Annual Clinical Meeting of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; 1991; USA. 1991:24.
Mokgokong 1974 {published data only}
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- Mokgokong ET. Use of prostaglandins in minor cephalopelvic disproportion and abnormal uterine action. South African Medical Journal 1974;48 Suppl:15‐9. - PubMed
Mollo 1991 {published data only}
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- Mollo M. Trial to assess the effects of PGE2 vaginal tablets vs iv oxytocin for induction in pregnancies with favourable cervical scores. Personal communication 1991.
Morgan‐Ortiz 2002 {published data only}
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- Morgan‐Ortiz F, Castro EQ, Martinez CBC, Barraza JB, Ramirez IO. Misoprostol and oxytocin for induction of cervical ripening and labor in patients with term pregnancy and premature membrane rupture [Misoprostol y oxitocina para induccion de madurez cervical y trabajo de parto en pacientes con embarazo a termino y ruptura prematura de membranas]. Ginecologia y Obstetricia de Mexico 2002;70:469‐76. - PubMed
Morrison 1992 {published data only}
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- Morrison JC. Continuous pitocin administration versus pulsatile intermittent infusion for induction and augmentation of labor. Personal communication 1992.
Muller 1992 {published data only}
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- Muller PR, Stubbs TM, Laurent SL. A prospective randomized clinical trial comparing two oxytocin induction protocols. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1992;167(2):373‐81. - PubMed
Naef 1998 {published data only}
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- Naef RW, Allbert JR, Ross EL, Weber M, Martin RW, Morrison JC. Premature rupture of membranes at 34 to 37 weeks' gestation: aggressive versus conservative management. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1998;178:126‐30. - PubMed
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- Naef RW, Allbert JR, Weber BM, Roach H, Martin RW, Morrison JC. Premature rupture of membranes at 34‐37 weeks' gestation: aggressive vs conservative management. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;170:340. - PubMed
Odem 1988 {published data only}
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- Odem RR, Work BA, Dawood MY. Pulsatile oxytocin for induction of labor: a randomized prospective controlled study. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1988;16:31‐7. - PubMed
Parpas 1995 {published data only}
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Pentecost 1973 {published data only}
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- Pentecost AF. The effect of buccal 'Pitocin' on the unripe cervix. Current Medical Research and Opinion 1973;1:482‐4. - PubMed
Perales 1994 {published data only}
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Raymond 1989 {published data only}
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- Raymond S. The use of pulsed oxytocin infusion for the induction of labour. Personal communication 1989.
Rees 1991 {published data only}
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- Rees AEJ. Randomised trial comparing oxytocin with vaginal prostaglandin E2 gel in the induction of labour in the presence of ruptured membranes. Personal communication 1991. - PubMed
Ross 1998 {published data only}
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- Ross EL, Bofill JA, Keith SJ, Martin RW, Morrison JC. High‐dose versus standard‐dose oxytocin in parturients with uterine risk factors: a randomized double blind trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1998;178(1 Pt 2):S95.
Salamalekis 2000 {published data only}
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- Salamalekis E, Vitoratos N, Kassanos D, Loghis C, Panayotopoulos N, Sykiotis C. A randomized trial of pulsatile vs continuous oxytocin infusion for labor induction. Clinical & Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology 2000;27(1):21‐3. - PubMed
Satin 1991 {published data only}
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- Satin AJ, Hankins GDV, Yeomans ER. A prospective study of two dosing regimens of oxytocin for the induction of labor in patients with unfavorable cervices. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1991;165:980‐4. - PubMed
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- Satin AJ, Hankins GDV, Yeomans ER. A randomized study of two dosing regimens of oxytocin for the induction of patients with an unfavorable cervix. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1991;164:307. - PubMed
Satin 1994 {published data only}
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- Satin AJ, Leveno KJ, Sherman ML, McIntire D. High‐dose oxytocin: 20‐ versus 40‐ minute dosing intervals. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1994;83:234‐8. - PubMed
Shennan 1995 {published data only}
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Shennan 2006 {published data only}
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- Shennan A. A physiological approach to induction of labour: PULSE ‐ a randomised, controlled trial of pulsatile versus continuous oxytocin administration (ongoing trial). National Research Register (www.nrr.nhs.uk) (accessed 6 July 2006).
Singh 1993 {published data only}
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- Singh PM, Young DC. A RCT of high dose vs low dose oxytocin for induction of labour. Proceedings of 49th Annual Clinical Meeting of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada;1993 June 22‐26; Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 1993:48.
Sjostedt 1969 {published data only}
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- Sjostedt S. Induction of labour: a comparison of intranasal and transbuccal administration of oxytocin. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1969;48:3‐17. - PubMed
Sorensen 1985 {published data only}
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Srividhya 2001 {published data only}
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Steer 1992 {published data only}
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- Steer PJ. Trial to compare prostaglandins with oxytocin for active management of prelabour rupture of membranes at term. Personal communication 1992.
Tan 2007 {published data only}
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- Tan PC, Valiapan SD, Tay PY, Omar SZ. Concurrent oxytocin with dinoprostone pessary versus dinoprostone pessary in labour induction of nulliparas with an unfavourable cervix: a randomised placebo‐controlled trial. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2007;114(7):824‐32. - PubMed
Vernant 1993 {published data only}
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Welt 1987 {published data only}
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- Welt SI. Comparison of mechanical and pharmacologic means for induction of labor. Personal communication 1987.
Willcourt 1994 {published data only}
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- Willcourt RJ, Pager D, Wendel J, Hale RW. Induction of labor with pulsatile oxytocin by a computer controlled pump. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;170:603‐8. - PubMed
References to studies awaiting assessment
Perez 1992 {published data only}
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Additional references
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