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Meta-Analysis
. 2009 Oct 7;2009(4):CD005307.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005307.pub2.

Addition of inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists to inhaled steroids as first line therapy for persistent asthma in steroid-naive adults and children

Muireann Ni Chroinin  1 , Ilana Greenstone, Toby J Lasserson, Francine M Ducharme
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Addition of inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists to inhaled steroids as first line therapy for persistent asthma in steroid-naive adults and children

Muireann Ni Chroinin et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Consensus statements recommend the addition of long-acting inhaled ss2-agonists (LABA) only in asthmatic patients who are inadequately controlled on inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). It is not uncommon for some patients to be commenced on ICS and LABA together as initial therapy.

Objectives: To compare the efficacy of combining inhaled corticosteroids with long-acting ss2-agonists (ICS+LABA) with inhaled corticosteroids alone (ICS alone) in steroid-naive children and adults with persistent asthma. We assessed two protocols: (1) LABA + ICS versus a similar dose of ICS (comparison 1) and (2) LABA + ICS versus a higher dose of ICS (comparison 2).

Search strategy: We identified randomised controlled trials through electronic database searches (May 2008).

Selection criteria: Randomised trials comparing ICS + LABA with ICS alone in children and adults with asthma who had no inhaled corticosteroids in the preceding 28 days prior to enrolment.

Data collection and analysis: Each author assessed studies independently for risk of bias and extracted data. We obtained confirmation from the trialists when possible. The primary endpoint was rate of patients with one or more asthma exacerbations requiring rescue systemic corticosteroids. Results are expressed as relative risks (RR) for dichotomous data and as mean differences (MD) or standardised mean differences (SMD) for continuous data.

Main results: Twenty-eight study comparisons drawn from 27 trials (22 adult; five paediatric) met the review entry criteria (8050 participants). Baseline data from the studies indicated that trial populations had moderate or mild airway obstruction (FEV1>/=65% predicted), and that they were symptomatic prior to randomisation. In comparison 1, the combination of ICS and LABA was not associated with a significantly lower risk of patients with exacerbations requiring oral corticosteroids (RR 1.04; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.73 to 1.47) or requiring hospital admissions (RR 0.38; 95% CI 0.09 to 1.65) compared to a similar dose of ICS alone. The combination of LABA and ICS led to a significantly greater improvement from baseline in FEV1 (0.12 L/sec; 95% CI 0.07 to 0.17), in symptoms (SMD -0.26; 95% CI -0.37 to -0.14) and in rescue ss2-agonist use (-0.41 puffs/day; 95% CI -0.73 to -0.09) compared with a similar dose of ICS alone. There was no significant group difference in the risk of serious adverse events (RR 1.15; 95% CI 0.64 to 2.09), any adverse events (RR 1.02; 95% CI 0.96 to 1.09), study withdrawals (RR 0.95; 95% CI 0.82 to 1.11), or withdrawals due to poor asthma control (RR 0.94; 95% CI 0.63 to 1.41).In comparison 2, the combination of LABA and ICS was associated with a higher risk of patients requiring oral corticosteroids (RR 1.24; 95% CI 1 to 1.53) and study withdrawal (RR 1.31; 95% CI 1.07 to 1.59) than a higher dose of ICS alone. For every 100 patients treated over 43 weeks, nine patients using a higher dose ICS compared to 11 (95% CI 9 to 14) on LABA and ICS suffered one or more exacerbations requiring rescue oral corticosteroids. There was a high level of statistical heterogeneity for FEV1 and morning peak flow. There was no statistically significant group difference in the risk of serious adverse events. Due to insufficient data we could not aggregate results for hospital admission, symptoms and other outcomes.

Authors' conclusions: In steroid-naive patients with mild to moderate airway obstruction, the combination of ICS and LABA does not significantly reduce the risk of patients with exacerbations requiring rescue oral corticosteroids over that achieved with a similar dose of ICS alone. However, it significantly improves lung function, reduces symptoms and marginally decreases rescue ss2-agonist use. Initiation of a higher dose of ICS is more effective at reducing the risk of exacerbations requiring rescue systemic corticosteroids, and of withdrawals, than combination therapy. Although children appeared to respond similarly to adults, no firm conclusions can be drawn regarding combination therapy in steroid-naive children, given the small number of children contributing data.

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Conflict of interest statement

Francine M. Ducharme has received travel support for meeting attendance, research funds, fees for speaking and/or consulting fees from AstraZeneca (producer of formoterol and budesonide), GlaxoSmithKline (producer of fluticasone, beclomethasone, salmeterol) and Novartis (producer of formoterol). Muireann Ni Chroinin has received some research funds and fees for speaking from AstraZeneca and has attended CME conferences with support from GlaxoSmithKline. Toby Lasserson and Ilana Greenstone report no conflict of interest.

Figures

1
1
Flow diagram of literature added to update of the review (April 2004 to May 2008)
2
2
Methodological quality summary: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item for each included study.
3
3
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, outcome: 1.1 # patients with exacerbations requiring systemic steroids.
4
4
Forest plot of comparison: 5 Addition of ICS + LABA versus higher dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, outcome: 5.1 # patients with exacerbations requiring systemic steroids.
5
5
In the higher dose ICS group 9 people out of 100 had exacerbations requiring oral corticosteroids over 43 weeks, compared to 11 (95% CI 9 to 14) out of 100 for the LABA + ICS group.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 1 # patients with exacerbations requiring systemic steroids.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 2 # patients with exacerbations requiring hospitalisation.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 3 Change in FEV1 at endpoint.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 4 Change in FEV1 predicted at endpoint.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 5 FEV1 predicted at endpoint.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 6 Change in morning PEF (L/min) at endpoint.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 7 Change in evening PEF (L/min) at endpoint.
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 8 Morning PEF at endpoint.
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 9 Evening PEF (L/min) at endpoint.
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 10 Change in am PEF predicted (%).
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 11 Change in pm PEF predicted (%).
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 12 Change in PEF variability at endpoint.
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 13 Diurnal PEF variability at endpoint.
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 14 % days with symptoms at endpoint.
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 15 Change in % symptom‐free days at endpoint.
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 16 Day symptom score at endpoint.
1.17
1.17. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 17 Change in symptom score at endpoint.
1.18
1.18. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 18 % nights with awakenings at endpoint.
1.19
1.19. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 19 Change in night‐time symptoms at endpoint.
1.20
1.20. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 20 Night symptom score at endpoint.
1.21
1.21. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 21 Change in % nights with no awakenings at 12 weeks.
1.22
1.22. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 22 % nights with symptoms at endpoint.
1.23
1.23. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 23 Mean % rescue‐free days at endpoint.
1.24
1.24. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 24 Change in mean % rescue‐free days at 12 weeks.
1.25
1.25. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 25 % 24 hrs with symptoms at endpoint.
1.26
1.26. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 26 % symptom‐free days.
1.27
1.27. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 27 Use of rescue fast‐acting b2‐agonists (puffs/24 hrs) at endpoint.
1.28
1.28. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 28 Change in awakenings requiring SABA/nt.
1.29
1.29. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 29 Change in use of rescue fast‐acting b2‐agonists (puffs/24 hrs) at endpoint.
1.30
1.30. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 30 Change in daytime rescue medication (puffs).
1.31
1.31. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 31 Change in night‐time rescue medication (puffs).
1.32
1.32. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 32 Change in quality of life (AQLQ score) at 12 weeks.
1.33
1.33. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 33 Paediatric AQLQ scores.
1.34
1.34. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 34 Serious adverse events.
1.35
1.35. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 35 Total withdrawals.
1.36
1.36. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 36 # patients withdrawing due to poor asthma control or exacerbation.
1.37
1.37. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 37 # patient withdrawals due to adverse effects.
1.38
1.38. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 38 # Patient with any adverse event.
1.39
1.39. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 39 # patients with headache.
1.40
1.40. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 40 # patients with oral thrush.
1.41
1.41. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 41 # patients with hoarseness.
1.42
1.42. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 42 # patients with tremor.
1.43
1.43. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 43 # patients with tachycardia or palpitations.
1.44
1.44. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 44 # patients with adverse cardiovascular events.
1.45
1.45. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 45 Deaths.
1.46
1.46. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 46 Change in PC20 (methacholine) at 8 weeks.
1.47
1.47. Analysis
Comparison 1 Addition of ICS + LABA versus same dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 47 PC20 (methacholine) at 8 weeks.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Addition of ICS + LABA versus increased dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 1 # patients with exacerbations requiring systemic steroids.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Addition of ICS + LABA versus increased dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 2 # patients with exacerbations requiring hospitalisation.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Addition of ICS + LABA versus increased dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 3 Change in FEV1 at endpoint.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Addition of ICS + LABA versus increased dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 4 Change in FEV1 predicted at endpoint.
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 Addition of ICS + LABA versus increased dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 5 Morning PEF at endpoint.
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 Addition of ICS + LABA versus increased dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 6 Change in morning PEF at endpoint.
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2 Addition of ICS + LABA versus increased dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 7 Change in morning PEF predicted at endpoint.
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2 Addition of ICS + LABA versus increased dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 8 Change in evening PEF at endpoint.
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2 Addition of ICS + LABA versus increased dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 9 Change in evening PEF predicted at endpoint.
2.10
2.10. Analysis
Comparison 2 Addition of ICS + LABA versus increased dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 10 % symptom‐free days at endpoint.
2.11
2.11. Analysis
Comparison 2 Addition of ICS + LABA versus increased dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 11 Absolute (or %) change in # rescue inhalations (per 24 hrs) at endpoint.
2.12
2.12. Analysis
Comparison 2 Addition of ICS + LABA versus increased dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 12 Serious adverse events.
2.13
2.13. Analysis
Comparison 2 Addition of ICS + LABA versus increased dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 13 Total # withdrawals.
2.14
2.14. Analysis
Comparison 2 Addition of ICS + LABA versus increased dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 14 # withdrawals due to adverse events.
2.15
2.15. Analysis
Comparison 2 Addition of ICS + LABA versus increased dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 15 # withdrawals due to poor asthma control or exacerbation.
2.16
2.16. Analysis
Comparison 2 Addition of ICS + LABA versus increased dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 16 # patients with headache.
2.17
2.17. Analysis
Comparison 2 Addition of ICS + LABA versus increased dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 17 # patients with hoarseness.
2.18
2.18. Analysis
Comparison 2 Addition of ICS + LABA versus increased dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 18 Change in PC20.
2.19
2.19. Analysis
Comparison 2 Addition of ICS + LABA versus increased dose of ICS alone in steroid‐naive patients as first line treatment, Outcome 19 Growth (paediatric data).
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Subgroup analyses (comparison 01), Outcome 1 # patients with exacerbations requiring systemic steroids, stratified on LABA.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Subgroup analyses (comparison 01), Outcome 2 # patients with exacerbations requiring systemic steroids, stratified on ICS dose.
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 Subgroup analyses (comparison 01), Outcome 3 # patients with exacerbations requiring systemic steroids, stratified on duration of intervention.
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 Subgroup analyses (comparison 01), Outcome 4 # patients with exacerbations requiring systemic steroids, stratified on number of inhaler devices.
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3 Subgroup analyses (comparison 01), Outcome 5 Change in FEV1 at endpoint by ICS dose.
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3 Subgroup analyses (comparison 01), Outcome 6 Change in FEV1 (L) at endpoint by LABA.
3.7
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3 Subgroup analyses (comparison 01), Outcome 7 Change in FEV1 (L) at endpoint by trial duration.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Sensitivity analysis (comparison 01), Outcome 1 # patients with exacerbations requiring systemic steroids (low or unclear risk of detection bias).
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 Sensitivity analysis (comparison 01), Outcome 2 # patients with exacerbations requiring systemic steroids (low or unclear risk of bias in completeness of follow up).
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 Sensitivity analysis (comparison 01), Outcome 3 # patients with exacerbations requiring systemic steroids.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 WMD archive, Outcome 1 Morning PEF (L/min) at endpoint.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 WMD archive, Outcome 2 Change in FEV1 (L) at endpoint.
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    1. Lange ML, House KW, Scott A, Shah TP, Akveld MLM. The salmeterol/fluticasone propionate combination 50/100µg bid is effective as initial maintenance therapy in mild and moderate asthmatics. European Respiratory Journal 2001;18 Suppl 33:263s.
    1. Murray J, Rosenthal R, Somerville L, Blake K, House K, Baitinger L, et al. Fluticasone propionate and salmeterol administered via diskus compared with salmeterol or fluticasone propionate alone in patients suboptimally controlled with short‐acting beta2‐agonists. Annals of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology 2004;93(4):351‐9. - PubMed
    1. Rosenthal RR, Blake K, Strek M, Lange M, House KW, Vandermeer AK. Fluticasone propionate/salmeterol diskus combination product provides superior asthma control compared with fluticasone propionate and salmeterol alone in patients previously receiving PRN short‐acting beta‐agonists alone. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2002;109(1):245s.
    1. SAS30017. A randomised, double‐blind, active‐controlled, parallel‐group, 12‐week trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of the salmeterol 50mcg/fluticasone propionate 100mcg diskus combination product bid compared with salmeterol 50mcg via diskus bid and fluticasone propionate 100mcg via diskus bid in symptomatic adult and adolescent subjects with asthma on short‐acting beta2‐agonist therapy. http://www.ctr.gsk.co.uk 2004.
Nelson 2003 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Nelson HS, Chervinsky P, Greos L, Pleskow W, Baitinger L, Scott C, et al. The salmeterol/fluticasone propionate combination product improves asthma control compared with the individual products in asthmatics treated with PRN short‐acting beta2‐agonists alone. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2000;161(3 part 2 suppl 1):A196.
    1. Nelson HS, Wolfe JD, Gross D, Geos LS, Baitinger L, Scott C, et al. Efficacy and safety of fluticasone propionate 44mcg/salmeterol 21mcg administered in a hydrofluoroalkane metered‐dose inhaler as an initial asthma maintenance treatment. Annals of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2003;91(3):263‐9. - PubMed
    1. Pyke SD, Frith L, Pritchard J, Johnson M, Theophilus A, Shah T. Synergy with salmeterol and fluticasone propionate after administration from a single inhaler (Seretide™). European Respiratory Journal 2001;18 Suppl 33:176s.
    1. SAS30001. A randomised, double‐blind, active‐controlled, parallel‐group, 12‐week trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of the salmeterol/fluticasone propionate combination in HFA 134a MDI, 42/88mcg BID, and salmeterol in propellant 11/12 MDI, 42mcg BID, and fluticasone propionate in propellant 11/12 MDI, 88mcg BID, in adolescent and adult subjects with asthma. http://www.ctr.gsk.co.uk 2004.
O'Byrne 2001 {published data only}
    1. Barnes PJ, O'Byrne PM, Rodriguez‐Roisin R, Runnerstrom E, Sandstrom T, Svensson K, et al. Oxis and Pulmicort turbuhaler in the management of asthma OPTIMA international study group. Treatment of mild persistent asthma with low doses of inhaled Budesonide alone or in combination with Formoterol. Thorax 2000;55(Suppl 3):A4.
    1. Barnes PJ, O'Byrne PM, Rodriguez‐Roisin R, Runnerstrom E, Sandstrom T, Svensson K, et al. Treatment of mild persistent asthma with low doses of inhaled budesonide alone or in combination with formoterol. For the Oxis and Pulmicort Turbuhaler in the Management of Asthma (OPTIMA) international study group. Thorax 2000;55(Suppl 3):s5.
    1. Grosser D, Smith B. Low‐dose budesonide improved asthma control in mild asthma; adding formoterol improved control in corticosteroid‐treated patients. ACP Journal Club 2002;137(1):19. - PubMed
    1. Jonsson B, Berggren F, Svensson K, O'Byrne PM. An economic evaluation of combination treatment with budesonide and formoterol in patients with mild‐to‐moderate persistent asthma. Respiratory Medicine 2004;98(11):1146‐54. - PubMed
    1. Jönsson BG, Berggren FE, Svensson K, O'Byrne PM. Budesonide and formoterol in mild persistent asthma compared with doubling the dose of budesonide ‐ a cost‐effectiveness analysis. European Respiratory Journal. 2001;18 Suppl 33:517s.
Overbeek 2005 {published data only}
    1. Overbeek SE, Mulder PG, Baelemans SM, Hoogsteden HC, Prins JB. Formoterol added to low‐dose budesonide has no additional antiinflammatory effect in asthmatic patients. Chest 2005;128(3):1121‐7. - PubMed
    1. Overbeek SE, Mulder PGM, Baelemans SMI, Hoogsteden HC, Prines JB. Comparison of budesonide plus formoterol with budesonide alone on airway inflammation in mild asthmatics. American Thoracic Society 99th International Conference. 2003:D034 [Poster C36].
Pearlman 1999a {published and unpublished data}
    1. Pearlman DS, Stricker W, Weistein S, Gross G, Chervinsky P, Woodring A, et al. Inhaled salmeterol and fluticasone: a study comparing monotherapy and combination therapy in asthma. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 1999;82:257‐65. - PubMed
Pearlman 1999b {published and unpublished data}
    1. Pearlman DS, Stricker W, Weistein S, Gross G, Chervinsky P, Woodring A, et al. Inhaled salmeterol and fluticasone: a study comparing monotherapy and combination therapy in asthma. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 1999;82:257‐65. - PubMed
Prieto 2005 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Prieto L, Gutierrez V, Perez‐Frances C, Badiola C, Lanuza A, Bruno L, et al. Effect of fluticasone propionate‐salmeterol therapy on seasonal changes in airway responsiveness and exhaled nitric oxide levels in patients with pollen‐induced asthma. Annals of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology 2005;95(5):452‐61. - PubMed
    1. SAM40092. Effect of salmeterol/fluticasone propionate combination product on seasonal changes in airway responsiveness and exhaled nitric oxide in subjects with pollen‐induced asthma. http://www.ctr.gsk.co.uk 2005. - PubMed
Rojas 2007 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Barnes N, Rojas R, Palga I, Goldfrad C, Duggan M. Efficacy and safety of fluticasone propionate/salmeterol (250/50ug bd) in a single diskus device compared with fluticasone propionate diskus alone (250ug) as initial maintenance therapy in moderate asthma. American Thoracic Society International Conference; May 20‐25; San Diego, California. 2005:Poster G13.
    1. Rojas RA, Paluga I, Goldfrad CH, Duggan MT. Fluticasone propionate/salmeterol 250/50ug BD is significantly superior to fluticasone propionate 250ug BD as initial maintenance therapy in moderate asthma. American Thoracic Society International Conference; May 20‐25; San Diego, California. 2005:Poster G14.
    1. Rojas RA, Paluga I, Goldfrad CH, Duggan MT, Barnes N. Initiation of maintenance therapy with salmeterol/fluticasone propionate combination therapy in moderate asthma: a comparison with fluticasone propionate. Journal of Asthma 2007;44(6):437‐41. - PubMed
    1. SAS30039. A 12‐week, multi‐centre, randomised, double‐blind, parallel‐group study to compare the efficacy and tolerability of salmeterol/fluticasone propionate combination (SERETIDE™/VIANI™/ADVAIR™) 50/250µg twice‐daily with fluticasone propionate 250µg twice‐daily, all via the DISKUS®/ACCUHALER® as initial maintenance therapy in moderate persistent asthma. http://www.ctr.gsk.co.uk 2005.
SAM40034 {published data only}
    1. GlaxoSmithKline (SAM40034). A double‐blind, randomised, parallel group, 12‐week comparison of fluticasone propionate/salmeterol combination Diskus 100/50mcg BID with fluticasone propionate (FP) 250mcg BID as initial maintenance treatment in persistent asthma (Seretide Nordic Jump‐Up Study). http://www.ctr.gsk.co.uk 2004.
    1. Kotaniemi J, Tiling B, Oien T. A double‐blind randomised, parallel group study over 12 weeks comparing seretide (50/100mcg bd Diskus) versus flixotide ( 250 mcg bd Diskus) as first line regular treatment for steroid‐naive adult patients. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2003; Vol. 167, issue 7:A893.
    1. Oien T, Tilling B, Kontaniemi J. 12 weeks comparing salmeterol/fluticasone propionate (SFC, 50/100mcg bd diskus) versus fluticasone propionate (FP, 250mcg bd diskus) as first‐line regular asthma treatment. European Respiratory Journal 2003;22(Suppl 22):236s.
SAM40036 {published data only}
    1. GlaxoSmithKline (SAM40036). A 12‐week multicentre, randomised, double‐blind, double‐dummy, parallel group study to compare the efficacy and tolerability of once daily (QD) salmeterol/fluticasone propionate combination (salm/FP) 50/100mcg at night via the DISKUS/ACCUHALER with QD budesonide (BUD) 400mcg at night via a breath‐actuated dry powder inhaler (BADPI) as initial maintenance therapy in mild‐to‐moderate asthmatic subjects. http://www.ctr.gsk.co.uk 2004.
    1. Pauwels R, Smiltena I, Bagdonas A, Eliraz E, Firth R. Seretide once daily is more effective than budesonide 400mcg once daily in mild asthma. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2004;169(7):A86.
SAS30015 {unpublished data only}
    1. McCarthy TP, Edin HM, House K, Vandermeer AK. Quality of life and asthma control assessment in patients previously on inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) treated with salmeterol/fluticasone combination (SFC) metered dose inhaler (MDI). Thorax 2001;56(Suppl 3):iii 63.
    1. McCarthy TP, Greening AP, Holgate SK, Whitehead C, Rice L. Salmeterol/fluticasone propionate combination (SFC) is more effective that beclometasone dipropionate (BDP) in patients not well controlled on bronchodilators alone. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2002;16(Suppl 8):A566.
    1. McCarthy TP, Greening AP, Holgate SK, Whitehead C, Rice L. The efficacy of salmeterol/fluticasone propionate combination (SFC) metered dose inhaler compared with beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) in patients not well controlled at step 1 of the British guidelines on asthma management (BGAM). Thorax 2001;56:iii 62.
    1. SAS30015. A phase IIIB, multi‐centre, double‐blind, parallel group, randomised study to compare the efficacy of the salmeterol/fluticasone propionate combination (25/50 mcg strength), 2 inhalations bd via HFA‐MDI with beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) 200mcg bd via metered dose inhaler (MDI) in adolescents and adults with asthma. http://www.ctr.gsk.co.uk 2004.
    1. Tolley K, Martin A, Rice L, McCarthy TP. Salmeterol/fluticasone propionate combination (SFC) demonstrates improved health outcomes and good cost effectiveness compared with beclometasone dipropionate. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2002;165(Suppl 8):A112.
SAS30021 {unpublished data only}
    1. GlaxoSmithKline (SAS30021). A stratified, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, parallel‐group, 12‐week trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of the fluticasone propionate/salmeterol DISKUS combination product 100/50mcg once daily versus fluticasone propionate DISKUS 100mcg once daily and placebo in symptomatic pediatric subjects (4‐11 years) with asthma. http://www.ctr.gsk.co.uk 2004 (accessed 1 May 2008).
SAS40068 {unpublished data only}
    1. Renzi PM, Franssen E, Stat P, Watson EG. Salmeterol/fluticasone propionate diskus® (advair®) 50/100 mcg bid improves asthma outcomes compared with fluticasone propionate (Flovent®) Diskus® 100 mcg bid when used as initial maintenance treatment in adult and adolescent subjects with symptomatic persistent asthma. American Thoracic Society. 2005:A628.
    1. SAS40068. A 24 week, multicentre, randomized, double‐blind, parallel group trial to compare the efficacy and tolerability of salmeterol/fluticasone propionate (Advair) diskus inhalation device 50/100 mcg bid with fluticasone propionate diskus inhalation device 100 mcg bid as initial maintenance treatment in adult and adolescent subjects with symptomatic, persistent asthma not controlled on short‐acting bronchodilators alone (program of advair control and effectiveness ‐ initial maintenance treatment, PACE ‐ IMT study). http://www.ctr.glaxowellcome.co.uk 2005.
SLGF75 {unpublished data only}
    1. SLGF75. Salmeterol plus low‐dose fluticasone propionate (FP) versus high‐dose fluticasone propionate (FP) in naive patients with mild to moderate asthma: effects on pulmonary function, and inflammatory markers of induced sputum. www.ctr.gsk.co.uk 2005 (accessed 4 June 2008).
Sorkness 2007 {published data only}
    1. Sorkness CA, Lemanske Jr RF, Mauger DT, Boehmer SJ, Chinchilli VM, Martinez FD, et al. Long‐term comparison of 3 controller regimens for mild‐moderate persistent childhood asthma: the Pediatric Asthma Controller Trial. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2007;119(1):64‐72. - PubMed
Stelmach 2008 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Stelmach I, Grzelewski T, Jerzynska J, Kuna P. A randomized, double‐blind trial on the effect of treatment with montelukast, budesonide, montelukast with budesonide, formoterol with budesonide on lung function and clinical symptoms in children with asthma [Abstract]. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2005;115(Suppl 2):S151.
    1. Stelmach I, Grzelewski T, Majak P, Jerzynska J, Stelmach W, Kuna P. Effect of different antiasthmatic treatments on exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction in children with asthma. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2007; Epub ahead of print (accessed 17 January 2008). - PubMed
Strand 2004 {published and unpublished data}
    1. SAM40049. A Danish, multi‐centre, comparative, parallel‐group study to determine whether initiation of combination treatment with Seretide™ (salmeterol + fluticasone propionate) 50/100 mg bd offers better asthma control than monotherapy with Flixotide™ (fluticasone propionate) 100 mg bd to adult asthmatic subjects uncontrolled on short‐acting bronchodilator alone. http://www.ctr.gsk.co/uk 2005.
    1. Strand AM. Initiation of treatment with the salmeterol/fluticasone propionate combination product is better than inhaled steroid alone (FP) in asthmatic patients symptomatic on short‐acting bronchodilator alone. European Respiratory Journal 2003;22(45):410s.
    1. Strand AM, Luckow A, on behalf of the DINA group (Danish INitiative for Asthma treatment). Initiation of maintenance treatment of persistent asthma: salmeterol/fluticasone propionate combination treatment is more effective than inhaled steroid alone. Respiratory Medicine 2004;98(10):1008‐15. - PubMed
Weersink 1997 {published data only}
    1. Weersink EJ, Zomeren EH, Koeter GH, Postma DS. Treatment of nocturnal airway obstruction improves daytime cognitive performance in asthmatics. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 1997;156(4 pt 1):1144‐50. - PubMed
    1. Weersink EJM, Doouma RR, Postma DS, Koeter GH. Fluticasone propionate, salmeterol xinafoate and their combination in the treatment of nocturnal asthma. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1997;155(4):1241‐6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Aalbers 2004 {published data only}
    1. Aalbers R, Backer V, Kava TTK, Omenaas ER, Sandstrom T, Jorup C, et al. Adjustable maintenance dosing with budesonide/formoterol compared with fixed‐dose salmeterol/fluticasone in moderate to severe asthma. Current Medical Research & Opinion 2004;20(2):225‐40. - PubMed
    1. Aalbers R, Backer V, Kava TTK, Welte T, Omenaas ER, Bergqvist PBF, et al. Adjustable dosing with budesonide/formoterol reduces the rate of asthma exacerbations compared with fixed dosing salmeterol/fluticasone. European Respiratory Society. 2003:p2‐20.
    1. Aalbers R, Backer V, Kava TTK, Welte T, Omenaas ER, Bergqvist PBF, et al. Improvements in FEV1 are greater with budesonide/formoterol than with salmeterol/fluticasone. European Respiratory Society. 2003:P2‐19.
    1. Aalbers R, Backer V, Kava TTK, Welte T, Omenaas ER, Bergqvist PBF, et al. Is well‐controlled asthma weeks a useful measure? Fewer exacerbations in patients treated with budesonide/formoterol than salmeterol/fluticasone. European Respiratory Society. 2003:P2‐18.
    1. Welte T, Aalbers R, Naya I. Budesonide/formoterol adjustable maintenance dosing (B/F AMD) reduces the burden of asthma more effectively than fixed‐dosing (FD) with B/F or salmeterol/fluticasone (S/FL). European Respiratory Journal 2004;24 Suppl 48:508s.
Adinoff 1998 {published data only}
    1. Adinoff AD, Schwartz HJ, Rickard KA, Yancey SW, Swearingen BE. Salmeterol compared with current therapies in chronic asthma. Journal of Family Practice 1998;47(4):278‐84. - PubMed
Akpinarli 1999 {published data only}
    1. Akpinarli A, Tuncer A, Saraclar Y, Sekerel BE, Kalayci O. Effect of formoterol on clinical parameters and lung functions in patients with bronchial asthma: a randomised controlled trial. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1999;81:45‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Ankerst 2003 {published data only}
    1. Ankerst J, Persson G, Weibull E. Cardiovascular effects of a high dose of the budesonide/formoterol single inhaler in asthmatic patients. European Respiratory Journal 2001;18 Suppl 33:53s.
    1. Ankerst J, Persson G, Weibull E. Tolerability of a high dose of budesonide/formoterol in a single inhaler in patients with asthma. Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2003;16:147‐51. - PubMed
Anonymous 1999 {published data only}
    1. Anonymous. Levalbuterol for asthma. Drugs & Therapeutics 1999;41(1054):51‐3. - PubMed
Anonymous 2003a {published data only}
    1. Anonymous. Flexible dosing of combination inhaler cuts asthma exacerbations. Pharmaceutical Journal 2003;271(7271):535.
Anonymous 2003b {published data only}
    1. Anonymous. Asthma control with combination therapy. Fortschritte Der Medizin 2003;145(46):46‐7. - PubMed
Anonymous 2003c {published data only}
    1. Anonymous. Excess mortality with salmeterol as single‐agent therapy. Prescriber International 2003;12(66):142. - PubMed
Arvidsson 1991 {published data only}
    1. Arvidsson P, Larsson S, Lofdahl CG, Melander B, Svedmyr N, Wahlander L. Inhaled formoterol during one year in asthma: a comparison with salbutamol. European Respiratory Journal 1991;4(10):1168‐73. - PubMed
ASSURE {published data only}
    1. Haughney J, Cotton P, Rosen JP, Rosen JP, Morrison K, Price D. The use of a modification of the Patient Enablement Instrument in asthma. CN‐00587268. Primary Care Respiratory Journal: Journal of the General Practice Airways Group 2007;16(2):89‐92. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ind PW, Haughney J, Price D, Rosen JP, Kennelly J. Adjustable and fixed dosing with budesonide/formoterol via a single inhaler in asthma patients: the ASSURE study. Respiratory Medicine 2004;98(5):464‐75. - PubMed
Aubier 1999 {published data only}
    1. Aubier M, Pieters WR, Schlosser NJJ, Steinmetz KO. Salmeterol/fluticasone propionate (50/500 mug) in combination in a Diskus(TM) inhaler (Seretide(TM)) is effective and safe in the treatment of steroid‐dependent asthma. Respiratory Medicine 1999;93(12):876‐84. - PubMed
    1. Pieters WR, Lundback B, Sondhi S, Price MJ. Cost effectiveness analysis of salmeterol/fluticasone propionate 50/500mcg vs fluticasone propionate 500mcg in patients with corticosteroid‐dependent asthma. Pharmacoeconomics 1999;16(Suppl 2):29‐34.
    1. Pieters WR, Sondhi S, Price MJ, Thwaites RM, Nyth A. The cost effectiveness of salmeterol/fluticasone propionate 50/500 microgram combination inhaler versus fluticasone propionate 500 microgram in patients with chronic asthma. European Respiratory Society; 1999 Oct 9‐13; Madrid, Spain. 1999:P2458.
    1. Pieters WR, Wilson KK, Smith HCE, Tamminga JJ. Cost‐effectiveness of fluticasone propionate/salmeterol combination product and fluticasone propionate/montelukast in asthma. Annual Thoracic Society 97th International Conference; San Francisco CA , May 18‐23. 2001.
    1. SFCB30019. A multicentre randomized, double‐blind, double‐dummy, parallel‐group comparison of the salmeterol/fluticasone propionate combination product (50/500mcg strength) BD via one DISKUS/Accuhaler inhaler with salmeterol 50mcg BD via one DISKUS/Accuhaler and fluticasone propionate 500mcg BD via another DISKUS/Accuhaler and with fluticasone propionate 500mcg BD via one DISKUS/Accuhaler in adolescents and adults with reversible airways obstruction. http://www.ctr.gsk.co.uk 2004.
Aziz 1998 {published data only}
    1. Aziz I, Hall IP, McFarlane LC, Lipworth BJ. Beta2‐adrenoceptor regulation and bronchodilator sensitivity after regular treatment with formoterol in subjects with stable asthma. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 1998;101(3):337‐41. - PubMed
Aziz 1999a {published data only}
    1. Aziz I, Lipworth BJ. A bolus of inhaled budesonide rapidly reverses airway sub‐sensitivity and beta2‐adrenoceptor down‐regulation after regular inhaled formoterol. Chest 1999;115(3):623‐8. - PubMed
Aziz 1999b {published data only}
    1. Aziz I, Lipworth BJ. In vivo effect of albuterol on methacholine‐contracted bronchi in conjunction with salmeterol and formoterol. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 1999;103(5 pt 1):816‐22. - PubMed
Aziz 2000 {published data only}
    1. Aziz I, Wilson AM, Lipworth BJ. Effects of formoterol (FM) and budesonide (BUD) alone or in combination (FM+BUD) on inflammatory markers in asthmatic patients. European Respiratory Society; 1999 Oct 9‐13; Madrid, Spain. 1999:2854.
    1. Aziz I, Wilson AM, Lipworth BJ. Effects of once‐daily formoterol and budesonide given alone or in combination on surrogate inflammatory markers in asthmatic adults. Chest 2000;118(4):1049‐58. - PubMed
Bacci 2002 {published data only}
    1. Bacci E, Franco A, Bartoli ML, Carnevali S, Cianchetti S, Dente FL, et al. Comparison of anti‐inflammatory and clinical effects of beclomethasone dipropionate and salmeterol in moderate asthma. European Respiratory Journal 2002;20(1):66‐72. - PubMed
Baki 1998 {published data only}
    1. Baki A, Karaguzel G. Short‐term effects of budesonide, nedocromil sodium and salmeterol on bronchial hyperresponsiveness in childhood asthma. Acta Paediatrica Japonica 1998;40(3):247‐51. - PubMed
Balachandran 2001 {published data only}
    1. Balachandran A, Shivbalan S, Subramanyam L. Drug therapy of childhood asthma. Indian Journal of Pediatrics 2001;68(Suppl 4):S12‐16. - PubMed
Balzano 2002 {published data only}
    1. Balzano G, Fuschillo S, Gaudiosi C. Leukotriene receptor antagonists in the treatment of asthma: an update. Allergy 2002;57(Suppl 72):16‐9. - PubMed
Baraniuk 1999 {published data only}
    1. Braniuk J, Murray JJ, Nathan RA, Berger WE, Johnson M, Edwards LD, et al. Fluticasone alone or in combination with salmeterol vs triamcinolone in asthma. Chest 1999;116(3):625‐32. - PubMed
Bateman 1998 {published data only}
    1. Bateman ED, Britton M, Carrillo J, Almeida J, Wixon C. Salmeterol/fluticasone combination inhaler. A new, effective and well tolerated treatment for asthma. Clinical Drug Investigation 1998;16(3):193‐201. - PubMed
Bateman 2000 {published data only}
    1. Bateman ED, Beasley R, Silins V, Bogolubov M. Comparison of salmeterol/fluticasone propionate combination 50/100 bid delivered via metered dose inhaler or diskus in patients with reversible airways obstruction. American Thoracic Society 2000 International Conference; May 5‐10; Toronto, Canada 2000;161(Suppl 3):A197.
Bateman 2001 {published data only}
    1. Bateman ED, Bantje TA, Gomes M, Toumbis M, Huber R, Eliraz A, et al. Symbicort (budesonide and formoterol in a single inhaler) is a more effective treatment than fluticasone in asthma patients. American Thoracic Society Abstracts. 2001.
    1. Bateman ED, Silins V, Bogolubov M. Clinical equivalence of salmeterol/fluticasone propionate in combination (50/100 mcg twice daily) when administered via a chlorofluorocarbon‐free metered dose inhaler or dry powder inhaler to patients with mild‐to‐moderate asthma. Respiratory Medicine 2001;95(2):136‐46. - PubMed
    1. SFCB3022. A multicentre, randomised, double‐blind, double‐dummy, parallel‐group, three‐month comparison of the salmeterol/fluticasone propionate combination product (2x25/50mcg strength) bd via the pressurised metered dose inhaler with salmeterol/fluticasone propionate combination product (1x50/100mcg strength) bd via the Diskus/Accuhaler™ inhaler and with fluticasone propionate (2x 50mcg strength) alone bd via the pressurised metered dose inhaler in adolescents and adults with reversible airways obstruction. http://www.ctr.gsk.co.uk 2004.
Bateman 2003a {published data only}
    1. Bateman ED, Bantje TA Joao Gomes M, Toumbis M, Huber R, Eliraz A, et al. Symbicort (budesonide/eformoterol) turbohaler controls asthma more effectively than fluticasone diskus. Thorax 2001;56(Suppl 3):iii 63.
    1. Bateman ED, Bantje TA, Gomes MJ, Toumbis MG, Huber RM, Naya I, et al. Combination therapy with a single inhaler budesonide/formoterol compared with high dose fluticasone propionate alone in patients with moderate persistent asthma. American Journal of Respiratory Medicine 2003;2(3):275‐81. - PubMed
    1. Bateman ED, Bantje TA, Joao Gomes M, Toumbis M, Huber R, Eliraz A. Early and sustained benefits of budesonide and formoterol in a single inhaler vs fluticasone in moderate asthma. European Respiratory Journal. 2001;18 Suppl 33:157s.
    1. Ericsson K, Bantje TA, Huber H, Borg S. Symbicort® turbuhaler® is more cost effective than fluticasone diskus™ in the treatment of asthma. Annual Thoracic Society 97th International Conference; San Francisco CA, May 18‐23. 2001.
    1. Ericsson K, Bantje TA, Huber R, Borg S, Anderson F. Cost‐effectiveness of budesonide and formoterol in a single inhaler compared to fluticasone in the treatment of asthma. European Respiratory Journal 2001;18 Suppl 33:157s.
Bateman 2003b {published data only}
    1. Bateman ED, Akveld M, Ho M. Greater responder rate to fluticasone propionate/salmeterol combination over montelukast plus fluticasone in asthma. American Thoracic Society 99th International Conference; B036 Poster H90. 2003.
Baumgarten 2002 {published data only}
    1. Baumgarten C, Geldszus R, Behre U, Peslis N, Trautmann M, Viani‐Initial Study Group. Initial treatment of symptomatic mild to moderate bronchial asthma with the salmeterol/fluticasone propionate (50/250 microg) combination product. European Journal of Medical Research 2002;7(1):1‐7. - PubMed
Beeh 2002 {published data only}
    1. Beeh KM, Beier J, Kornmann O, Wiewrodt R, Buhl R. Efficacy and safety of salmeterol (50 mcg) and fluticasone (250 mcg) in a single inhaler device (Diskus(R)) in patients with mild to moderate asthma. Pneumologie 2002;56(2):91‐7. - PubMed
    1. SAM40011 (GlaxoSmithKline). Efficacy and safety of salmeterol/fluticasone propionate (VIANI®) 50/250μg twice daily via Diskus in patients with mild to moderate asthma. http://www.ctr.gsk.co.uk 2005 (accessed 2 May 2008).
Behling 1999 {published data only}
    1. Behling B, Matthys H. Comparison of efficacy and safety of formoterol with terbutaline in children with mild to moderate asthma. European Respiratory Society; 1999 Oct 9‐13; Madrid, Spain. 1999:369.
Bennett 2002 {published data only}
    1. Bennett WD. Effect of beta‐adrenergic agonists on mucociliary clearance. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2002;110(Suppl 6, part 2):s291‐7. - PubMed
Bensch 2002 {published data only}
    1. Bensch G, Berger WE, Blokhnn M, Socolovshy AL, Thomson MH, Till MD, et al. One year efficacy and safety of inhaled formoterol dry powder in children with persistent asthma. Annals of Allergy Asthma and Immunology 2002;89:180‐90. - PubMed
    1. Berger W, Bensch G, Blokhin BM, Socolovsky AL, Thompson MH, Till D. Addition of formoterol (Foradil®) improves lung function and symptoms in children with persistent asthma not controlled by inhaled corticosteroids. Annual Thoracic Society 97th International Conference; San Francisco CA, May 18‐23. 2001.
Berggren 2001 {published data only}
    1. Berggren F, Ekstrom T. A cost‐effectiveness study comparing the as‐needed use of formoterol (Oxis) and terbutaline (Bricanyl) in patients with moderate to severe asthma. Respiratory Medicine 2001;95(9):753‐8. - PubMed
Bergmann 2004 {published data only}
    1. Bergmann KC, Lindemann L, Braun R, Steinkamp G. Salmeterol/fluticasone propionate (50/250 mug) combination is superior to double dose fluticasone (500 mug) for the treatment of symptomatic moderate asthma: a prospective, double‐blind trial. Swiss Medical Weekly 2004;134(3‐4):50‐8. - PubMed
Berlinski 2001 {published data only}
    1. Berlinski A, Waldrep JC. Metering performance of several metered‐dose inhalers with different spacers/holding chambers. Journal of Aerosol Medicine 2001;14(4):427‐32. - PubMed
Bernstein 2002 {published data only}
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Bessmertny 2002 {published data only}
    1. Bessmertny O, DiGregorio RV, Cohen H, Becker E, Looney D, Golden J, et al. A randomized clinical trial of nebulized magnesium sulfate in addition to albuterol in the treatment of acute mild‐to‐moderate asthma exacerbations in adults. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2002;39(6):585‐91. - PubMed
Bijl‐Hofland 2001 {published data only}
    1. Bijl‐Hofland ID, Cloosterman SG, Folgering HT, Elshout FJ, Weel C, Schayck CP. Inhaled corticosteroids, combined with long‐acting beta(2)‐agonists, improve the perception of bronchoconstriction in asthma. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine 2001;164(5):764‐9. - PubMed
Bjermer 2000 {published data only}
    1. Bjermer L, Bisgaard H, Bousquet J, Fabbri LM, Greening A, Haahtela T, et al. Montelukast or salmeterol combined with an inhaled steroid in adult asthma: design and rationale of a randomized, double‐blind comparative study (the IMPACT Investigation of Montelukast as a Partner Agent for Complementary Therapy trial). Respiratory Medicine 2000;94(6):612‐21. - PubMed
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Bjermer 2003 {published data only}
    1. Bjermer L, Bisgaard H, Bousquet J, Fabbri LM, Greening AP, Haahtela T, et al. Montelukast and fluticasone compared with salmeterol and fluticasone in protecting against asthma exacerbation in adults: one year, double blind, randomised, comparative trial. BMJ 2003;327(7420):891. - PMC - PubMed
Bloom 2003 {published data only}
    1. Bloom J, Calhoun W, Koenig S, Yancey S, Reilly D, Edwards L, et al. Fluticasone propionate/salmeterol 100/50mcg is inhaled steroid sparing in patients who require fluticasone propionate 250mcg for asthma stability. American Thoracic Society 99th International Conference. 2003:D034 Poster C33.
Boonsawat 2003 {published data only}
    1. Boonsawat W, Charoenratanakul S, Pothirat C, Sawanyawisuth K, Seearamroongruang T, Bengtsson T, et al. Formoterol (OXIS) Turbuhaler as a rescue therapy compared with salbutamol pMDI plus spacer in patients with acute severe asthma. Respiratory Medicine 2003;97(9):1067‐74. - PubMed
Booth 1993 {published data only}
    1. Booth H, Fishwick K, Harkawat R, Devereux G, Hendrick DJ, Walters EH. Changes in methacholine induced bronchoconstriction with the long acting beta 2 agonist salmeterol in mild to moderate asthmatic patients. Thorax 1993;48(11):1121‐4. - PMC - PubMed
Boskovska 2001 {published data only}
    1. Boskovska MI, Dokic D, Busletic‐Bozinovska K, Arbutina S, Goseva Z. Concomitant use of low‐dose inhaled corticosteroids and a long‐acting bronchodilator vis a vis doubling the dose of inhaled corticosteroid in asthma patients. European Respiratory Journal 2001;16(Suppl 33):98s.
Bouchard 2000 {published data only}
    1. Bouchard J, Arkinstall W, Tesarowski D. Efficacy of salmeterol and fluticasone propionate (FP) combination therapy versus FP alone in mild/moderate asthma. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2000;161(Suppl 3):A197.
Boulet 1998 {published data only}
    1. Boulet LP, Turcotte H, Cartier A, Milot J, Cote J, Malo JL, et al. Influence of beclomethasone and salmeterol on the perception of methacholine‐induced bronchoconstriction. Chest 1998;114(2):373‐9. - PubMed
Boulet 2003 {unpublished data only}
    1. Boulet LP, Chapman K, Roberts J, Watson EG. Efficacy of salmeterol/fluticasone propionate HFA MDI versus high dose fluticasone propionate HFA MDI in adolescent and adult asthma. European Respiratory Society Meeting 2003.
Bouros 1999 {published data only}
    1. Bouros D, Bachlitzanakis N, Kottakis J, Pfister P, Polychronopoulos V, Papadakis E, et al. Foromoterol and beclomethasone versus higher dose beclomethasone as maintenance therapy in adult asthma. European Respiratory Journal 1999;14:627‐32. - PubMed
Boyd 1995 {published data only}
    1. Boyd G. Salmeterol xinafoate in asthmatic patients under consideration for maintenance oral corticosteroid therapy. European Respiratory Journal 1995;8:1494‐8. - PubMed
Brambilla 1994 {published data only}
    1. Brambilla C, Chastang C, Georges D, Bertin L. Salmeterol compared with slow‐release terbutaline in nocturnal asthma. Allergy 1994;49(6):421‐6. - PubMed
Brambilla 2003 {published data only}
    1. Brambilla C, Gros V, Bourdeix I. Formoterol 12 mug BID administered via single‐dose dry powder inhaler in adults with asthma suboptimally controlled with salmeterol or on‐demand salbutamol: a multicenter, randomized, open‐label, parallel‐group study. Clinical Therapeutics 2003;25(7):2022‐36. - PubMed
Braunstein 2002 {published data only}
    1. Braunstein G. Optimization of asthma control with fluticasone/salmeterol (seretide) combination: new clinical data. Revue De Pneumologie Clinique 2002;58(3 part 2):s12‐5. - PubMed
Brenner 1998 {published data only}
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Britton 1992 {published data only}
    1. Britton MG, Earnshaw JS, Palmer JBD. A twelve month comparison of salmeterol with salbutamol in asthmatic patients. European Respiratory Journal 1992;5(9):1062‐7. - PubMed
Britton 1998 {published data only}
    1. Britton MG, Carrillo T Almeida J Wixon C. Combined serevent™ and fluticasone propionate (50/100µg strength) bd via one diskus™ (accuhaler™) inhaler compared with salmeterol 50µg and fluticasone propionate 100µg bd via two separate diskus inhalers. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1998;157(Suppl 3):A415.
Brogden 1991 {published data only}
    1. Brogden‐RN, Faulds‐D. Salmeterol xinafoate. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential in reversible obstructive airways disease. Drugs 1991;42(5):895‐912. - PubMed
Buchvald 2002 {published data only}
    1. Buchvald FF, Bisgaard H. Comparison of add‐on of leukotriene receptor antagonist vs. long‐acting beta2‐agonist on FeNO in asthmatic children on regular inhaled budesonide. European Respiratory Society Annual Congress. 2002:p2736.
Buchvald 2003 {published data only}
    1. Buchvald F, Bisgaard H. Comparisons of the complementary effect on exhaled nitric oxide of salmeterol vs montelukast in asthmatic children taking regular inhaled budesonide. Annals of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology 2003;91(3):309‐13. - PubMed
Buhl 2003a {published data only}
    1. Buhl R, Creemers JPHM, Vondra V, Martelli NA. Improved and maintained asthma control with once‐daily budesonide/formoterol single inhaler in mild‐to‐moderate persistent asthma. European Respiratory Journal. 2001;18(Suppl 33):21s.
    1. Buhl R, Creemers JPHM, Vondra V, Martelli NA. Once daily symbicort (budesonide/eformoterol in a single inhaler) is effective in moderate‐persistent asthma. Thorax 2001;56(Suppl 3):iii 62.
    1. Buhl R, Creemers JPHM, Vondra V, Martelli NA. Once‐daily budesonide/formoterol via a single inhaler is effective in mild‐to‐moderate persistent asthma. European Respiratory Journal 2001;18(Suppl 33):21s.
    1. Buhl R, Creemers JPHM, Vondra V, Martelli NA. Symbicort® (budesonide and formoterol in a single inhaler) administered once daily is effective in mild to moderate asthma. Annual Thoracic Society 97th International Conference; San Francisco CA , May 18‐23. 2001.
    1. Buhl R, Creemers JPHM, Vondra V, Martelli NA, Naya IP, Eksstrom T. Once daily budesonide /formoterol in a single inhaler in adults with moderate persistent asthma. Respiratory Medicine 2003;97:323‐30. - PubMed
Buhl 2003b {published data only}
    1. Buhl R. Budesonide/formoterol for the treatment of asthma. Expert Opinion in Pharmacotherapy 2003;4(8):1393‐406. - PubMed
Busse 1999 {published data only}
    1. Busse W, Nelson H, Wolfe J, Kalberg C, Yancey SW, Rickard KA. Comparison of inhaled salmeterol and oral zafirlukast in patients with asthma. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 1999;103(6):1075‐80. - PubMed
Busse 2003 {published data only}
    1. Busse W, Koenig SM, Oppenheimer J, Sahn SA, Yancey SW, Reilly D, et al. Steroid‐sparing effects of fluticasone propionate 100mcg and salmeterol 50mcg administered twice daily in a single product in patients previously controlled with fluticasone propionate 250mcg administered twice daily. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2003;111(2):57‐65. - PubMed
    1. Sahn S, Yancey S, Reilly D, Edwards L, Rickard K, Dorinsky P. The fluticasone propionate/salmeterol (FSC) combination product 100/50 mcg BID is steroid sparing in patients who require FP250 mcg BID for asthma stability. Chest Conference, San Diego, CA. 2002.
Byrnes 2000 {published data only}
    1. Byrnes C, Shrewsbury S, Barnes PJ, Bush A. Salmeterol in paediatric asthma. Thorax 2000;55(9):780‐4. - PMC - PubMed
Calhoun 2001 {published data only}
    1. Calhoun WJ, Nelson HS, Nathan RA, Pepsin PJ, Kalberg C, Emmett A, et al. Comparison of fluticasone propionate‐salmeterol combination therapy and montelukast in patients who are symptomatic on short‐acting 2‐agonists alone. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2001;164(5):759‐63. - PubMed
Calverley 2002 {published data only}
    1. Calverley PMA, Pauwels RA, Vestbo J, Jones PW, Pride NB, Gulsvik A, et al. Salmeterol/fluticasone propionate combination for one year provides greater clinical benefit than its individual components in COPD. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2002; Vol. 165, issue Suppl 8:A226.
Cazzola 2000 {published data only}
    1. Cazzola M, Lorenzo G, Perna F, Calderaro F, Testi R, Centanni S. Additive effects of salmeterol and fluticasone or theophylline in COPD. Chest 2000;118(6):1576‐81. - PubMed
Chalmers 1999 {published data only}
    1. Chalmers GW, Macleod KJ, Thomson LJ, Little SA, Patel KR, McSharry C, et al. Sputum cellular and cytokine responses to inhaled endothelin‐1 in asthma. Clinical & Experimental Allergy 1999;29(11):1526‐31. - PubMed
Chan 2001 {published data only}
    1. Chan JS, Cowie RL, Lazarenko GC, Little C, Scott S, Ford GT. Comparison of intramuscular betamethasone and oral prednisone in the prevention of relapse of acute asthma. Canadian Respiratory Journal 2001;8(3):147‐52. - PubMed
Chapman 1999 {published data only}
    1. Chapman KR, Ringdal N, Backer V, Palmqvist M, Saarelainen S, Briggs M. Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate (50/250 mug) administered via combination Diskus inhaler: as effective as when given via separate Diskus inhalers. Canadian Respiratory Journal 1999;6(1):45‐51. - PubMed
Cheer 2003 {published data only}
    1. Cheer SM, Warner GT, Easthope SE. Formoterol delivered by Turbuhaler: in paediatric asthma. Paediatric Drugs 2003;5(1):63‐8. - PubMed
Cloosterman 2001 {published data only}
    1. Cloosterman SG, Bijl‐Hofland ID, Herwaarden CL, Akkermans RP, Elshout FJ, Folgering HT, et al. A placebo‐controlled clinical trial of regular monotherapy with short‐acting and long‐acting beta(2)‐agonists in allergic asthmatic patients. Chest 2001;119(5):1306‐15. - PubMed
Condemi 1999 {published data only}
    1. Baker J, Yancey S, Kalberg C, Petrocella V, Emmett A, Bowers B, et al. Added salmeterol versus increased‐dose fluticasone in patients symptomatic on low‐dose fluticasone. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1998;157(Suppl 3):A406.
    1. Condemi JJ, Goldstein S, Kalberg C, Yancey S, Emmett A, Rickard K. The addition of salmeterol to fluticasone propionate versus increasing the dose of fluticasone propionate in patients with persistent asthma. Annals of Allergy and Asthma Immunology 1999;82:383‐9. - PubMed
Condemi 2001 {published data only}
    1. Condemi JJ. Comparison of the efficacy of formoterol and salmeterol in patients with reversible obstructive airway disease: a multicenter, randomized, open‐label trial. Clinical Therapeutics 2001;23(9):1529‐41. - PubMed
Crompton 1999 {published data only}
    1. Crompton GK, Ayres JG, Basran G, Schiraldi G, Brusasco V, Eivindson A, et al. Comparison of oral bambuterol and inhaled salmeterol. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine 1999;159(3):824‐8. - PubMed
Currie 2003a {published data only}
    1. Currie GP, Lee DKC, Haggart K, Bates CE, Lipworth BJ. Effects of montelukast on surrogate inflammatory markers in corticosteroid‐treated patients with asthma. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2003;167(9):1232‐8. - PubMed
Currie 2003b {published data only}
    1. Currie GP, Bates CE, Lee DKC, Jackson CM, Lipworth BJ. Effects of fluticasone plus salmeterol versus twice the dose of fluticasone in asthmatic patients. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2003;59(1):11‐15. - PubMed
Currie 2003c {published data only}
    1. Currie GP, Lee DK, Fowler SJ, Cowan LM, Lipworth BJ. A proof of concept study to evaluate putative benefits of montelukast in moderate persistent asthmatics. British Journal of Pharmacology 2003;55(6):609‐15. - PMC - PubMed
D'Alonzo 1994 {published data only}
    1. D'Alonzo GE, Nathan RA, Henochowicz, Morris RJ, Ratner P, Rennard SI. Salmetrol xinafoate as maintenance therapy compared with albuterol in patients with asthma. JAMA 1994;271:1412‐16. - PubMed
D'Urzo 2001 {published data only}
    1. D'Urzo AD, Chapman KR, Cartier A, Hargreave FE, Fitzgeerald M, Tesarowski D. Effectiveness and safety of salmeterol in non‐specialist practice settings. Chest 2001;119:714‐9. - PubMed
Dahl 1989 {published data only}
    1. Dahl R, Pedersen B, Hagglof B. Nocturnal asthma: effect of treatment with oral sustained‐release terbutaline, inhaled budesonide, and the two in combination. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 1989;83(4):811‐5. - PubMed
Dahl 1991 {published data only}
    1. Dahl R, Earnshaw JS, Palmer JBD. Salmeterol: a four week study of a long‐acting beta‐adrenoceptor agonist for the treatment of reversible airways disease. European Respiratory Journal 1991;4(10):1178‐84. - PubMed
Dal Negro 2001a {published data only}
    1. Dal Negro R, Micheletto C, Tognella S, Trevisan F, Pomari C. Short‐term bronchodilation following salmeterol 50mcg and combined salmeterol + fluticasone (50/250mcg) via diskus: a randomized, double blind cross‐over study in reversible airway obstruction. Annual Thoracic Society 97th International Conference; San Francisco CA, May 18‐23. 2001.
Dal Negro 2001b {published data only}
    1. Dal Negro RW, Micheletto C, Pomari C, Trevisan F, Tognella S. The combination salmeterol (S) + fluticasone propionate (F) in mild‐to‐moderate asthma. European Respiratory Journal 2001;18(Suppl 33):426s.
Davis 2001 {published data only}
    1. Davis ES, Bowers B, Pepsin P, Kalberg C, Dorinsky P. The impact of fluticasone propionate/salmeterol combination product compared to oral montelukast on asthma related quality of life. Annual Thoracic Society 97th International Conference; San Francisco CA ,May 18‐23. 2001.
Dekhuijzen 2002 {published data only}
    1. Dekhuijzen PNR, Diamant Z. The role of montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, in the treatment of asthma. Pharmaceutisch Weekblad 2002;137(1):38‐9.
Del Rio‐Navarro 2001 {published data only}
    1. Rio Navarro BE, Sienra‐Monge JJL, Alvarez‐Amador M, Reyes‐Ruiz N, Arevalo‐Salas A, Berber A. Serum potassium levels, CPK‐MB and ECG in children suffering asthma treated with beclomethasone or beclomethasone‐salmeterol. Allergologia et Immunopathologia 2001;29(1):16‐21. - PubMed
Del‐Rio‐Navarro 2001 {published data only}
    1. Rio Navarro BE, Coron‐Hernandez L, Fragoso‐Rios R, Berber A, Torres‐Alcantara S, Cuairan‐Ruidiaz V, et al. Effect of salmeterol and salmeterol plus beclomethasone on saliva flow and IgA in patients with moderate‐persistent chronic asthma. Annals of Allergy and Asthma Immunology 2001;87(5):420‐3. - PubMed
    1. Rio Navarro BE, Corona L, Fregosa R, Berber A, Magana J, Sienra‐Monge JL. Effect of salmeterol and salmeterol plus beclomethasone on the saliva flow and saliva IgA levels on patients with chronic moderate persistent asthma (CMPA). Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2001;107(2):s11. - PubMed
Dempsey 2000 {published data only}
    1. Dempsey OJ, Wilson AM, Sims EJ, Lipworth BJ. Additive anti‐inflammatory effects of montelukast but not salmeterol in asthmatics suboptimally controlled on inhaled steroids. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2000;161(Suppl 3):A198.
Dente 2001 {published data only}
    1. Dente FL, Scuotri L, Bacci E, DeSanctis M, Franco A, Giannini D, et al. Combined treatment with fluticasone plus salmeterol protects against allergen‐induced asthmatic responses better than each drug alone. European Respiratory Journal 2001;18 Suppl 33:349s.
    1. Dente FL, Scuotri L, Bacci E, Franco A, Giannini D, Taccola M, et al. Effects of combined treatment ‐ fluticasone plus salmeterol ‐ on allergen‐induced asthmatic responses. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2001;463(Suppl 5):A419.
Dicpinigaitis 2002 {published data only}
    1. Dicpinigaitis PV, Dobkin JB, Reichel J. Antitussive effect of the leukotriene receptor antagonist zafirlukast in subjects with cough‐variant asthma. Journal of Asthma 2002;39(4):291‐7. - PubMed
Didier 1997 {published data only}
    1. Didier A, Campos Oriola R. A two‐month comparison of salmeterol/beclomethasone and slow‐release terbutaline/budesonide in moderate asthma management. Clinical Drug Investigation 1997;14(1):1‐11.
Djordjevic 1999 {published data only}
    1. Djordjevic D, Zickovic D, Stankovic I, Pejcic T, Ducic J, Rancic M, et al. Comparative study of three months treatment in combination of salmeterol and beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) with doubling the dose of BDP in mild asthma. European Respiratory Society; Oct 9‐13; Madrid, Spain. 1999:p849.
Dorinsky 2001 {published data only}
    1. Dorinsky P, Kalberg C, Pepsin P, Emmett A, Bowers B, Rickard K. The fluticasone/salmeterol combination product is superior to montelukast as first‐line asthma control. European Respiratory Journal 2001;18 Suppl 33:263s.
    1. Dorinsky PM, Kalberg C, Pepsin P, Emmett A, Rickard K. Greater onset of improvement in clinical efficacy measures with first line use of the fluticasone/salmeterol combination product compared to montelukast. Annual Thoracic Society 97th International Conference; San Francisco CA May 18‐23. 2001.
Dorinsky 2002 {published data only}
    1. Dorinsky P, Jones S, Kalberg C, Emmett A, Rickard K. Sustained protection against activity‐induced bronchospasm (AIB) during chronic treatment with the fluticasone propionate/salmeterol combination (FSC). American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2002;165(Suppl 8):A568.
Durham 1999 {published data only}
    1. Durham S. Long acting inhaled beta2‐agonists: Anti‐inflammatory effects not evident during treatment of day to day asthma. European Respiratory Journal 1999;14(2):249‐50. - PubMed
Ek 2000 {published data only}
    1. Ek A, Palmberg L, Larsson K. Influence of fluticasone and salmeterol on airway effects of inhaled organic dust; an in vivo and ex vivo study. Clinical & Experimental Immunology 2000;121(1):11‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Eliraz 2001 {published data only}
    1. Eliraz A, Ramirez‐Rivera A, Ferranti P, Holzer R, Garcia JM, Turcotte C, et al. Similar efficacy following four weeks treatment of asthmatics with formoterol 12 mcg BD delivered by two different dry powder inhalers; differences in inhaler handling. International Journal of Clinical Practice 2001;55(3):164‐70. - PubMed
Everden 2002 {published data only}
    1. Everden P, Lloyd A, Hutchinson J, Plumb J. Cost‐effectiveness of eformoterol Turbohaler(R) versus salmeterol Accuhaler(R) in children with symptomatic asthma. Respiratory Medicine 2002;96(4):250‐8. - PubMed
Faurschou 1994 {published data only}
    1. Faurschou P, Engel AM, Haanaes OC. Salmeterol in two different doses in the treatment of nocturnal bronchial asthma poorly controlled by other therapies. Allergy 1994;49(40):827‐32. - PubMed
Faurschou 1996 {published data only}
    1. Faurschou P. Use of salmeterol in moderate to severe asthmatic patients already receiving high dose inhaled steroids. European Respiratory Journal 1993;6 Suppl 17:419s. - PubMed
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Fish 2001 {published data only}
    1. Fish J, Boone R, Emmett A, Yancey S, Knobil K, Rickard K. Salmeterol added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) provides greater asthma control compared to montelukast. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2000;161(Suppl 3):A203.
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Fitzgerald 1999 {published data only}
    1. Fitzgerald JM, Chapman KR, Cioppa GD, Stubbing D, Fairbarn MS, Till DT, et al. Sustained bronchoprotection, bronchodilatation and symptom control during regular formoterol use in asthma of moderate or greater severity. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1999;103(3 pt 1):427‐35. - PubMed
Fitzpatrick 1990 {published data only}
    1. Fitzpatrick MF, Mackay T, Driver H, Douglas NJ. Salmeterol in nocturnal asthma: a double‐blind, placebo controlled trial of long‐acting inhaled beta2 agonist. BMJ 1990;301:1365‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Fowler 2002 {published data only}
    1. Fowler SJ, Currie PC, Lipworth BJ. Step down therapy with low dose fluticasone‐salmeterol combination or medium dose hydrofluoroalkane 134a‐beclomethasone alone. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2002;109(6):929‐35. - PubMed
Fuglsang 1995 {published data only}
    1. Fuglsang G, Agertoft L, Vikre‐Jorgensen J, Pedersen S. Influence of budesonide on the response to inhaled terbutaline in children with mild asthma. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 1995;6(2):103‐8. - PubMed
Garcia‐Marcos 2002 {published data only}
    1. Garcia‐Marcos L, Schuster A, Cobos Barroso N. Inhaled corticosteroids plus long‐acting beta(2)‐agonists as a combined therapy in asthma. Expert Opinion in Pharmacotherapy 2002;4(1):23‐39. - PubMed
Gardiner 1994 {published data only}
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Gessner 2003 {published data only}
    1. Gessner C, Stenglein S, Brautigam M, Muller A, Schauer J. Miflonide/Foradil via Aerolizer compared with other anti‐inflammatory and anti‐obstructive therapeutic regimens. Pneumologie 2003;57(3):137‐43. - PubMed
Giannini 1998a {published data only}
    1. Giannini D, Carletti A, Dente FL, Testi R, Bacci D, Bancalari L, et al. Effect of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) on tolerance to salmeterol (S) in allergen induced bronchoconstriction. European Respiratory Journal 1996;9(23):272s.
    1. Giannini D, Franco A, Bacci E, Conti I, Dente FL, Kotopulos C, et al. Long‐term treatment with salmeterol and inhaled corticosteroids does not induce tolerance to the protective effect of salmeterol on allergen challenge. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1998;157(Suppl 3):A414.
Giannini 1998b {published data only}
    1. Giannini D, Franco A, Bacci E, Conti I, Dente FL, Kotopulos C, et al. One‐week regular treatment with salmeterol induces tolerance to the protective effect of salmeterol on allergen challenge only in subjects not regularly treated with salmeterol and inhaled corticosteroid. European Respiratory Journal 1998;12 Suppl 28:156s.
Giannini 1999 {published data only}
    1. Giannini D, Bacci E, Dente FL, Franco A, Vagaggini B, Testi R, et al. Inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate reverts tolerance to the protective effect of salmeterol on allergen challenge. Chest 1999;115(3):629‐34. - PubMed
Giannini 2000 {published data only}
    1. Giannini D, Franco A, Bacci E, Dente FL, Taccola M, Vagaggini B, et al. The protective effect of salbutamol inhaled using different devices on methacholine bronchoconstriction. Chest 2000;117(5):1319‐23. - PubMed
Giannini 2001 {published data only}
    1. Giannini D, Tonelli M, Franco A, Bacci E, Conti I, Dente FL, et al. Tolerance to the protective effect of salmeterol on allergen challenge in mild untreated asthmatics and in moderate asthmatics on inhaled corticosteroid treatment. European Respiratory Journal 2001;18 Suppl 33:103s.
Giannini 2002 {published data only}
    1. Giannini D, Tonelli M, Franco A, Bacci E, Conti I, Dente FL, et al. Tolerance to the protective effect of salmeterol + fluticasone combination (50/250 µg) on allergen challenge in mild untreated asthmatics. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2002;165(Suppl 8):A566.
Gizycki 2000 {published data only}
    1. Gizycki MJ, Venge P, Dahl R, Jeffery PK. Comparison of the effects of six weeks treatment with fluticasone or salmeterol on the late phase response (LPR) in mild asthma ‐ a bronchial biopsy study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2000;161(Suppl 3):A203.
Gold 2001 {published data only}
    1. Gold M, Jõgi R, Mulder PGH, Akveld MLM. Salmeterol/fluticasone propionate combination 50/100µg bid is more effective than fluticasone propionate 100µg bid plus montelukast 10 mg once daily in reducing exacerbations. European Respiratory Journal 2001;18 Suppl 33:262s.
Green 2003 {published data only}
    1. Green RH, Brightling CE, McKenna S, Hargadon B, Parker D, Pavord ID. Placebo controlled comparison of formoterol, montelukast or higher dose of inhaled budesonide in subjects with symptomatic asthma despite treatment with low dose inhaled budesonide. American Thoracic Society 99th International Conference. 2003:B036 [Poster H82].
    1. Green RH, Brightling CE, McKenna S, Hargadon B, Parker D, Wardlaw AJ, et al. A placebo controlled comparison of formoterol, montelukast or higher dose of inhaled corticosteroids in subjects with symptomatic asthma despite treatment with low dose inhaled corticosteroids. Thorax 2002;57(Supp III):iii 11.
Greening 1994 {published data only}
    1. Greening AP, Ind PW, Northfield M, Shaw G. Added salmeterol versus higher‐dose corticosteroid in asthma patients with symptoms on existing inhaled corticosteroid. Lancet 1994;344:219‐24. - PubMed
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Grootendorst 2001 {published data only}
    1. Grootendorst DC, Dahlen SE, Bos JW, Duiverman EJ, Veselic‐Charvat M, Vrijlandt EJ, et al. Benefits of high altitude allergen avoidance in atopic adolescents with moderate to severe asthma, over and above treatment with high dose inhaled steroids. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 2001;31(3):400‐8. - PubMed
Gustafsson 1994 {published data only}
    1. Gustafsson PM, Von BA, Jenkins MM. Salmeterol 50 mug twice daily in the treatment of mild‐to‐moderate asthma in childhood ‐ a comparison of two inhalation devices. European Journal of Clinical Research 1994;5:63‐73.
Hacki 2001 {published data only}
    1. Hacki M, Knoblauch A, Leuppi J. Asthma treatment. Pharma‐Kritik 2001;23(16):61‐4.
Hasani 2003 {published data only}
    1. Hasani A, Toms N, O'Connor J, Dilworth JP, Agnew JE. Effect of salmeterol xinafoate on lung mucociliary clearance in patients with asthma. Respiratory Medicine 2003;97(6):667‐71. - PubMed
Heuck 2000 {published data only}
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Heyneman 2002 {published data only}
    1. Heyneman CA, Crafts R, Holland J, Arnold AD. Fluticasone versus salmeterol/low‐dose fluticasone for long‐term asthma control. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 2002;36(12):1944‐9. - PubMed
Hultquist 2000 {unpublished data only}
    1. AstraZeneca. Personal communication 2000.
Ind 2002 {published data only}
    1. Ind PW, Villasante C, Shiner RJ, Pietinalho A, Boszormenyi NG, Soliman S, et al. Safety of formoterol by Turbuhaler as reliever medication compared with terbutaline in moderate asthma. European Respiratory Journal 2002;20(4):859‐66. - PubMed
Ind 2003 {published data only}
    1. Ind P, Haughney J, Price D, Rosen JP, Kennelly J. Four months adjustable or fixed BD dosing with budesonide/formoterol in a single inhaler reduces symptom severity. Thorax 2002;57(Suppl 3):iii 88.
    1. Ind PW, Dal Negro R, Colman N, Fletcher CP, Browning DC, James MH. Inhaled fluticasone propionate and salmeterol in moderate adult asthma I: lung function and symptoms. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1998;157(Suppl 3):A416.
    1. Ind PW, Dal Negro R, Colman N, Fletcher CP, Browning DC, James MH. Inhaled fluticasone propionate and salmeterol in moderate adult asthma II: exacerbations. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1998;157(Suppl 3):A415.
    1. Ind PW, Dal Negro R, Colman NC, Fletcher CP, Browning D, James MH. Addition of salmeterol to fluticasone propionate treatment in moderate to severe asthma. Respiratory Medicine 2003;97:555‐62. - PubMed
Isabelle 2001 {published data only}
    1. Isabelle P, Bjamer D, Neuparth N, Desfougeres JL. Efficacy and safety of salmeterol/fluticasone combination 50/100mug bd via two different powder devices in children. Annual Thoracic Society 97th International Conference; San Francisco CA, May 18‐23. 2001.
Jarvis 1999 {published data only}
    1. Jarvis B, Faulds D. Inhaled fluticasone propionate. A review of its therapeutic efficacy at dosages <= 500 mug/day in adults and adolescents with mild to moderate asthma. Drugs 1999;57(5):769‐803. - PubMed
Jeffery 2002 {published data only}
    1. Jeffery PK, Venge P, Gizycki MJ, Egerod I, Dahl R, Faurschou P. Effects of salmeterol on mucosal inflammation in asthma: a placebo‐controlled study. European Respiratory Journal 2002;20(6):1378‐85. - PubMed
Jenkins 1995 {published data only}
    1. Jenkins M. Clinical evaluation of CFC‐free metered dose inhalers. Journal of Aerosol Medicine 1995;8(Suppl 1):s41‐7. - PubMed
Jenkins 2000 {published data only}
    1. Becker I, Kielborn A, Price MJ, Volmer T, Lloyd AC. Cost‐effectiveness of salmeterol/fluticasone combination product and budesonide in asthma patients in Germany. European Respiratory Society; Oct 9‐13; Madrid, Spain. 1999:854.
    1. Jenkins C, Woolcock A, James M. Superior overall control of moderate to severe asthma with salmeterol/fluticasone propionate (FP) combination (50/250 mcg bd) compared with three‐fold‐higher dose of budesonide (800mcg bd). European Respiratory Journal 2000;16 Suppl 31:456s.
    1. Jenkins C, Woolcock AJ, Saarelainen P, Lundback B, James MH. Salmeterol /fluticasone propionate combination therapy 50/250mcgs twice daily is more effective than budesonide 800 twice daily in treating moderate to severe asthma. Repiratory Medicine 2000;94:715‐23. - PubMed
    1. Lundback B, Jenkins C, Price MJ, Thwaites RM. Cost‐effectiveness of salmeterol/fluticasone propionate combination product 50/250 microg twice daily and budesonide 800 microg twice daily in the treatment of adults and adolescents with asthma. Respiratory Medicine 2000;94(7):724‐32. - PubMed
    1. Lundback B, Ronmark E, Jonsson AC. Treatment effectiveness and exacerbations during one year with Seretide compared to fluticasone propionate and salmeterol in mild to moderate asthma. European Respiratory Journal 2001;18 Suppl 33:176s.
Jenkins 2002 {published data only}
    1. Jenkins C. Combination therapy with fluticasone and salmeterol for symptomatic asthma produces similar benefits when given by accuhaler in a single or two separate devices over 24 weeks. Respirology 2002;7(Suppl):A20 [P22].
    1. Jenkins C, Wilson J, Rutherford C, Perry AS, Whitehead PJ. Asthma management costs are lower with combination fluticasone/salmeterol (25/50 mcg BD) in a single inhaler than with budesonide (800 mcg BD) plus eformoterol (12 mcg BD) via separate inhalers. Respirology 2002; Vol. 7, issue Suppl:A20 [P23].
Johansson 2001 {published data only}
    1. Johansson G, McIvor RA, D'Ambrosio FP, Gratziou C, James MH. Comparison of salmeterol/fluticasone propionate combination with budesonide in patients with mild‐to‐moderate asthma. Clinical Drug Investigation 2001;21(9):633‐42.
Johnson 1998 {published data only}
    1. Cook D, Srebro SH, Rogenes PR, Rickard K, Edwards L, Johnson MC. A comparison of the safety and efficacy of fluticasone, triamcinolone, and fluticasone plus salmeterol in patients with mild to moderate asthma. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1998;157(3 Suppl):A416.
    1. Johnson MC, Srebro SH, Rogenes PR, Rickard K, Edwards L. A comparison of physician‐rated and patient‐rated outcomes in a study with fluticasone, triamcinolone, and fluticasone plus salmeterol. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1998;157(Suppl 3):A414.
Jones 1994 {published data only}
    1. Jones KP. Salmeterol xinafoate in the treatment of mild to moderate asthma in primary care. Thorax 1994;49:971‐5. - PMC - PubMed
Juniper 1995 {published data only}
    1. Juniper EF, Johnston PR, Borkhoff CM, Guyatt GH, Boulet LP, Haukioja A. Quality of life in asthma clinical trials: comparison of salmeterol and salbutamol. Amercian Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1995;151(1):66‐70. - PubMed
Juniper 1999 {published data only}
    1. Juniper EF, Svenson K, O'Byrne PM, Barnes PJ, Bauer CA, Lofdahl CG, et al. Asthma quality of life during 1 year of treatment with budesonide with or without formoterol. European Respiratory Journal 1999;14:1038‐43. - PubMed
Kalberg 1998 {published data only}
    1. Kalberg CJ, Nelson H, Yancey S, Petrocella V, Emmett AH, Rickard KA, et al. A comparison of added salmeterol versus increased‐dose fluticasone in patients symptomatic on low‐dose fluticasone [abstract]. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1998;101(Suppl):S6.
Kalra 1996 {published data only}
    1. Kalra S, Swystun VA, Bhagat R, Cockcroft DW. Inhaled corticosteroids do not prevent the development of tolerance to the bronchoprotective effect of salmeterol. Chest 1996;109(4):953‐6. - PubMed
Kardos 2001 {published data only}
    1. Kardos P, Bruggenjurgen B, Martin A, Meyer‐Sabellek W, Richter K, et al. Treatment of bronchial asthma using a new adjustable combination treatment plan: Asthma Control Plan (ATACO). Pneumologie. 2001;55(5):253‐7. - PubMed
Kavuru 2000 {published data only}
    1. Edin HM, Payne E, Herrle MR, Schoaf L, Mather DB, Scott CA, et al. Salmeterol/fluticasone propionate combination via HFA MDI improves quality of life in asthma patients. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2001;107(2):s246.
    1. Edin HM, Prillaman B, Baitinger LA, House K, Shah TP. Improved ability to perform strenuous activities after treatment with fluticasone propionate‐salmeterol combination. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2002;165(Suppl 8):A112.
    1. Edwards T, Gross G, Mitchell D, Chervinsky P, Woodring A, Baitinger L, et al. The salmeterol xinafoate/fluticasone propionate dry powder combination product via diskus® inhaler improves asthma control compared to salmeterol xinafoate or fluticasone propionate dry powder alone. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1998;157(Suppl 3):A414.
    1. Gross G, Woodring A, Prillaman B, House K, Shah T. Efficacy and safety of the salmeterol/fluticasone propionate (50/100 µg) dry powder combination inhaler in patients with asthma. European Respiratory Journal 1998;12 Suppl 28:156s.
    1. Johansson G, Price MJ, Sondhi S. Cost‐effectiveness analysis of salmeterol/fluticasone propionate 50/100mug vs fluticasone propionate 100mug in adults and adolescents with asthma III. Pharmacoeconomics 1999;16(Suppl 2):15‐21.
Keith 2001 {published data only}
    1. Keith P, D Urzo A, Stepner N. Fluticasone/salmeterol combination (FSC) is safe and provides effective long‐term (52 week) control in the management of patients with persistent asthma (PA). European Respiratory Journal 2001;18(Suppl 33):176s.
Kelsen 1999 {published data only}
    1. Kelsen SG, Church NL, Gillman SA, Lanier BQ, Emmett AH, Rickard KA, et al. Salmeterol added to inhaled corticosteroids therapy is superior to doubling the dose of inhaled corticosteroids: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Asthma 1999;36(8):703‐15. - PubMed
Kemp 1984 {published data only}
    1. Kemp JP, Chervinsky P, Orgel HA, Meltzer EO, Noyes JH, et al. Concomitant bitolterol mesylate aerosol and theophylline for asthma therapy, with 24 hr electrocardiographic monitoring. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 1984;73(1 pt 1):32‐43. - PubMed
Kemp 1998 {published data only}
    1. Kemp JP, Cook DA, Incaudo GA, Corren J, Kalberg C, Emmett A, et al. Salmeterol improves quality of life in patients with asthma requiring inhaled corticosteroids. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 1998;101:188‐95. - PubMed
Ketchell 2002 {published data only}
    1. Ketchell RI, Jensen MW, Spina D, O'Connor BJ. Dose‐related effects of formoterol on airway responsiveness to adenosine 5'‐monophosphate and histamine. European Respiratory Journal 2002;19(4):611‐6. - PubMed
Kidney 1995 {published data only}
    1. Kidney J, Pizzichini MMM, Wong B, Morris MM, Efthimadis A, Dolovich J, et al. Salmeterol compared with beclomethasone and placebo on allergen induced asthmatic and inflammatory responses. European Respiratory Journal. 1995;19(Suppl 8):336s. - PubMed
Kips 2000 {published data only}
    1. Kips JC, O'Connor BJ, Inman MD, Svenson K, Pauwels RA, O'Byrne PM. A long‐term study of the antiinflammatory effect of low‐dose budesonide plus formoterol versus high‐dose budesonide in asthma. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2000;161:996‐1001. - PubMed
Kirby 2000 {published data only}
    1. Kirby S, Falcoz C, Daniel MJ, Milleri S, Squassante L, Ziviani L, et al. Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate given as a combination: lack of systemic pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2000;56(11):781‐91. - PubMed
Knobil 1998 {published data only}
    1. Knobil K, Kalberg C, Emmett A, Rickard K. Adding salmeterol is more effective than increasing the dose of fluticasone for patients with asthma who are symptomatic on low dose fluticasone. European Respiratory Journal 1998;12 Suppl 29:19s [P160].
Knobil 2000 {published data only}
    1. Knobil K, Dorinsky P, Yancey S, Emmett A, Rickard K. Salmeterol is superior to montelukast as add‐on therapy to inhaled corticosteroids. European Respiratory Journal 2000;16 Suppl 31:457s.
Knorr 2001 {published data only}
    1. Knorr B, Franchi LM, Bisgaard H, Vermeulen JH, LeSouef P, Santanello N, et al. Montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, for the treatment of persistent asthma in children aged 2 to 5 years. Pediatrics 2001;108(3):E48. - PubMed
Kraft 2003 {published data only}
    1. Kraft M, Martin RJ, Lazarus SC, Fahy JV, Boushey HA, Lemanske Jr RF, et al. Airway tissue mast cells in persistent asthma: predictor of treatment failure when patients discontinue inhaled corticosteroids. Chest 2003;124(1):42‐50. - PubMed
LaForce 1994 {published data only}
    1. LaForce C, Liddle RF, Yancey SW. Salmeterol response in asthmatic patients using inhaled corticosteroids and in those not using inhaled corticosteroids. Annals of Allergy 1994;72:100.
Lai 1995 {published data only}
    1. Lai CKW, Chan CHS, Ho SS, Hui ACF, Lai KN. Inhaled salmeterol and albuterol in asthmatic patients receiving high‐dose inhaled corticosteroids. Chest 1995;108:36‐40. - PubMed
Lalloo 2003 {published data only}
    1. Lalloo UG, Bantje TA, Kozma D, Krofta K, Ankerst J, Johansen B, et al. Low‐dose Symbicort (budesonide / formoterol) is more effective than double‐dose inhaled corticosteroid in mild asthma. Allergy Clinical Immunology International. 122 2000; Vol. Suppl 2.
    1. Lalloo UG, Malolepsky J, Kozma D, Krofta K, Ankerst J, Johansen B, et al. Budesonide and formoterol in a single inhaler controls exacerbations more effectively than a higher dose of inhaled corticosteroids alone, in mild‐moderate persistent asthma. European Respiratory Journal 2001;18 Suppl 33:43s.
    1. Lalloo UG, Malolepszy D, Kozma K, Krofta J, Ankerst B, Johanasen NC, et al. Budesonide and formoterol in a single inhaler improves asthma control compared with increasing the dose of corticosteroid in adults with mild to moderate asthma. Chest 2003;123:1480‐7. - PubMed
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    1. Lalloo UG, Malolepszy J, Kozma D, Krofta K, Ankerst J, Johansen B, et al. Symbicort® (budesonide and formoterol in a single inhaler) is more effective than increasing the dose of inhaled corticosteroids in mild asthma. Annual Thoracic Society 97th International Conference; San Francisco CA, May 18‐23. 2001.
Lange 2001 {published data only}
    1. Lange ML, House KW, Scott CA, Shah TP, Akveld MLM. The salmeterol/fluticasone propionate combination 50/100µg bid is effective as initial maintenance therapy in mild and moderate asthmatics. European Respiratory Journal 2001;18 Suppl 33:176s.
Langton‐Hewer 1995 {published data only}
    1. Langton Hewer S, Hobbs J, French D, Lenney W. Pilgrims progress: the effect of salmeterol in older children with chronic severe asthma. Respiratory Medicine 1995;89:435‐40. - PubMed
Lazarus 2001 {published data only}
    1. Lazarus SC, Boushey HA, Fahy JV, Chinchilli VM, Lemanske RF Jr, Sorkness CA, et al. Long‐acting beta2 agonist monotherapy vs continued therapy with inhaled corticosteroids in patients with persistent asthma: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001;285(20):2583‐93. - PubMed
Leblanc 1996 {published data only}
    1. Leblanc P, Knight A, Kreisman H, Borkhoff CM, Johnston PR. A placebo‐controlled, crossover comparison of salmeterol and salbutamol in patients with asthma. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1996;154:324‐8. - PubMed
Lemanske 2001 {published data only}
    1. Lemanske RF, Sorkness C, Mauger E, Lazarus S, Boushey H, Fahy J, et al. Inhaled corticosteroid reduction and elimination in patients with persistent asthma receiving salmeterol: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001;285(20):2594‐603. - PubMed
Lenney 1995 {published data only}
    1. Lenney W, Pedersen S, Boner AL, Ebbutt A, Jenkins MM, on behalf of an International Study Group. Efficacy and safety of salmeterol in childhood asthma. European Journal of Pediatrics 1995;154:983‐90. - PubMed
LHSRG 2000 {published data only}
    1. The Lung Health Study Research Group. Effect of inhaled triamcinolone on the decline in pulmonary function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. New England Journal of Medicine 2000;343(26):1902‐9. - PubMed
Li 1999 {published data only}
    1. Li X, Ward C, Thien F, Bish R, Bamford T, Bao X, et al. An antiinflammatory effect of salmeterol, a long‐acting B2‐agonist, assessed in airway biopsies and bronchoalveolar lavage in asthma. American Journal of Respiratory and Crtitical Care Medicine 1999;160:1493‐9. - PubMed
    1. Orsida BE, Ward C, Li X, Bish R, Wilson JW, Thien F, et al. Effect of a long‐acting beta(2)‐agonist over three months on airway wall vascular remodeling in asthma. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2001;164(1):117‐21. - PubMed
    1. Reid DW, Ward C, Wang N, Zheng L, Bish R, Orsida B, et al. Possible anti‐inflammatory effect of salmeterol against interleukin‐8 and neutrophil activation in asthma in vivo. European Respiratory Journal 2003;21(6):994‐9. - PubMed
Lindqvist 2001 {published data only}
    1. Lindqvist AE, Karjalainen EM, Laitinen LA, Kava T, Altraja A, Pulkkinen M, et al. Salmeterol (sim), fluticasone propionate (fp) or disodium cromoglycate (dscg) in the treatment of newly diagnosed asthma. Annual Thoracic Society 97th International Conference; San Francisco CA, May 18‐23. 2001.
Lipworth 1998 {published data only}
    1. Lipworth B, Tan S, Devlin M, Aiken T, Baker R, Hendrick D. Effects of treatment with formoterol on bronchoprotection against methacholine. American Journal of Medicine 1998;104(5):431‐8. - PubMed
Lipworth 1999 {published data only}
    1. Lipworth BJ. Does genetic polymorphism of b2‐adrenoceptors determine airway sensitivity to regular long‐acting b2‐agonist therapy?. Clinical Pharmacology, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland UK (Tayside Research Consortium).
    1. Lipworth BJ, Hall IP, Aziz I, Tan KS, Wheatley A. Beta2‐adrenoceptor polymorphism and bronchoprotective sensitivity with regular short‐ and long‐acting beta2‐agonist therapy. Clinical Science 96;3:253‐9. - PubMed
Lipworth 2000a {published data only}
    1. Lipworth BJ, Dempsey OJ, Aziz I. Functional antagonism with formoterol and salmeterol in asthmatic patients expressing the homozygous glycine‐16 beta(2)‐adrenoceptor polymorphism. Chest 2000;118(2):321‐8. - PubMed
Lipworth 2000b {published data only}
    1. Lipworth BJ, Dempsey OJ, Aziz I, Wilson AM. Effects of adding a leukotriene antagonist or a long‐acting beta(2)‐agonist in asthmatic patients with the glycine‐16 beta(2)‐adrenoceptor genotype. American Journal of Medicine 2000;109(2):114‐21. - PubMed
Lockey 1999 {published data only}
    1. Lockey RF, DuBuske LM, Friedman B, Petrocella V, Cox F, Rickard K. Nocturnal asthma: effect of salmeterol on quality of life and clinical outcomes. Chest 1999;115(3):666‐73. - PubMed
Lötvall 2002 {published data only}
    1. Lötvall J, Woude HJ, Palmqvist M, Arvidsson P, Beckman O, Boorsma M, et al. More rapid onset of action of budesonide/formoterol (Symbicort®) than salmeterol/fluticasone (Seretide™). American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2002;165(Suppl 8):A567.
Lowhagen 2002 {published data only}
    1. Lowhagen O, Wever AMJ, Lusuardi M, Moscato G, Backer WA, Gandola L, et al. The inflammatory marker serum eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) compared with PEF as a tool to decide inhaled corticosteroid dose in asthmatic patients. Respiratory Medicine 2002;96(2):95‐101. - PubMed
Lundbäck 2006 {published and unpublished data}
    1. FAS40008. An interventional three year study for asthma control ‐ In what way and in what kind of population is it possible to get asthmatic patients free from symptoms, keep the patients in work, restore a normal lung function, diminish hyperreactivity and normalise quality of life?. http:www.ctr.gsk.co.uk 2005.
    1. Lundback B, Ronmark E, Jonsson AC, Larsson LG, Lindberg A, Petavy F, et al. Fluticasone propionate/salmeterol combination improves airway hyperresponsiveness and clinical outcomes compared with fluticasone or salmeterol alone in mild to moderate asthma. American Thoracic Society 99th International Conference. 2003:D034 [Poster C28].
    1. Lundbäck B, Rönmark E, Lindberg A, Jonsson A‐C, Larsson L‐G, Pétavy F, et al. Control of mild to moderate asthma over 1‐year with the combination of salmeterol and fluticasone propionate. Respiratory Medicine 2006;100(1):2‐10. - PubMed
Magadle 2001 {published data only}
    1. Magadle R, Berar‐Yanay N, Weiner P. Long‐acting bronchodilators in premenstrual exacerbation of asthma. Respiratory Medicine 2001;95(9):740‐3. - PubMed
Malmqvist‐Granlund 2000 {published data only}
    1. Malmqvist‐Granlund K, Asking L, Lindbald T, Rollwage U, Steckel H. An in vitro comparison of budesonide/formoterol and fluticasone/salmeterol in dry powder inhalers. European Respiratory Journal 2000;16 Suppl 31:455s.
Malolepszy 2002 {published data only}
    1. Malolepszy J. Efficacy and tolerability of oral theophylline slow‐release versus inhaled formoterol in moderate asthma poorly controlled on low‐dose steroids. Atemwege und Lungenkrankheiten 2002;28(2):78‐87.
Matz 2001 {published data only}
    1. Matz J, Emmett A, Rickard K, Kalberg C. Addition of salmeterol to low‐dose fluticasone versus higher‐dose fluticasone: an analysis of asthma exacerbations. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2001;107(5):783‐9. - PubMed
McCarthy 2000 {published data only}
    1. McCarthy TP, Boone R, Yancey S, Rickard K. Salmeterol compared to montelukast as adjunctive therapy to inhaled corticosteroids. Thorax 2000;55(Suppl 3):A63.
McCarthy 2001 {published data only}
    1. McCarthy TP, Edin HM, House K, Vandermeer AK. Quality of life and asthma control assessment in patients previously on inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) treated with salmeterol/fluticasone combination (SFC) metered dose inhaler (MDI). Thorax 2001;56(Suppl 3):iii63.
    1. McCarthy TP, Edin HM, House K, Vandermeer AK. Salmeterol/fluticasone 50/100 (SFC) dry powder (DPI) provides improved control and quality of life in patients symptomatic on inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). European Respiratory Journal 2002;20 Suppl 38:47s.
    1. McCarthy TP, Edin HM, House K, Vandermeer AK, Scott C. Low dose salmeterol/fluticasone propionate combination (SFC) via metered dose inhaler (MDI) improves asthma control and quality of life in patients not well controlled on inhaled steroids (ICS). European Respiratory Journal 2002;20 Suppl 38:47s.
    1. McCarthy TP, Edin HM, House K, Yan SK, Vandermeer AK. The effects of salmeterol/fluticasone combination (SFC) dry powder inhaler (DPI) on asthma control and quality of life in patients previously treated with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). Thorax 2001;56(Suppl 3):iii63.
Mcivor 1998 {published data only}
    1. Mcivor RA, Pizzichini E, Turner MO, Hussack P, Hargreave FE, Sears MR. Potential masking effects of salmeterol on airway inflammation in asthma. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine 1998;158(3):924‐30. - PubMed
Meier 1997 {published data only}
    1. Meier CR, Jick H. Drug use and pulmonary death rates in increasingly symptomatic asthma patients in the UK. Thorax 1997;52(7):612‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Meijer 1995 {published data only}
    1. Meijer FG, Postma DS, Mulder PGH, Aalderen WMC. Long‐term circadian effects of salmeterol in asthmatic children treated with inhaled corticosteroids. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1995;152:1887‐92. - PubMed
Michel 2000 {published data only}
    1. Michel O, Olbrecht J, Moulard D, Sergysels R. Effect of anti‐asthmatic drugs on the response to inhaled endotoxin. Annals of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology 2000;85(4):305‐10. - PubMed
Midgren 1992 {published data only}
    1. Midgren B, Melander B Persson G. Formoterol, a new long‐acting beta 2 agonist, inhaled twice daily, in stable asthmatic subjects. Chest 1992;101(4):1019‐22. - PubMed
Mitchell 2000 {published data only}
    1. Mitchell C, Jenkins C, Scicchitano R, Rubinfeld A. Adding formoterol is more effective and safer than doubling the dose of inhaled steroids in moderately severe asthma. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2000;161(Suppl 3):A197.
Molimard 2001 {published data only}
    1. Molimard M, Bourcereau J, Gros V, Bourdeix I, Leynadier F, Duroux P. Comparison between formoterol 12 ug bid and on‐demand salbutamol in moderate persistent asthma. Respiratory Medicine 2001;95(1):64‐70. - PubMed
Murray 1998 {published data only}
    1. Murray JJ, Hagaman DD, Dworski R, Keane B, Sheller JR. Inhibition by salmeterol and beclomethasone of late phase response to segmental antigen challenge in asthmatics. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1998;157(Suppl 3):A872.
Murray 1999 {published data only}
    1. Murray JJ, Church NL, Anderson WH, Bernstein DI, Wenzel SE, Emmett A, et al. Concurrent use of Salmeterol with inhaled corticosteroids is more effective than inhaled corticosteroid dose increases. Allergic Asthma Proceedings 1999;20(3):173‐80. - PubMed
Nagel 2002 {published data only}
    1. Nagel MW, Wiersema KJ, Bates SL, Mitchell JP. Performance of large‐ and small‐volume valved holding chambers with a new combination long‐term bronchodilator/anti‐inflammatory formulation delivered by pressurized metered dose inhaler. Journal of Aerosol Medicine 2002;15(4):427‐33. - PubMed
Nathan 1995 {published data only}
    1. Nathan RA, Seltzer JM, Kemp JP, Chervinsky P, Alexander WJ, Liddle R, et al. Safety of salmeterol in the maintenance treatment of asthma. Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 1995;75:243‐8. - PubMed
Nathan 1999 {published data only}
    1. Nathan R, Woodring A, Baitinger L, Prillaman B, Faris M, House K, et al. The salmeterol/fluticasone propionate diskus combination decreases the incidence of exacerbations compared to treatment with salmeterol or fluticasone propionate alone. European Respiratory Society; Oct 9‐13; Madrid, Spain. 1999:848.
    1. Nathan RA, Pinnas JL, Schwartz HJ, Grossman J, Yancey SW, Emmett AH, et al. A six‐month, placebo‐controlled comparison of the safety and efficacy of salmeterol or beclomethasone for persistent asthma. Annals of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology 1999;82:521‐9. - PubMed
Nathan 2006 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Edin HM, Payne E, Herrle MR, Schoaf L, Mather DB, Scott CA, et al. Salmeterol/fluticasone propionate combination via HFA MDI improves quality of life. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2001;107(2):S246.
    1. Nathan RA, Mitchell D, Condemi J, Heller A, Schoaf L, Herrle M, et al. Cardiovascular and hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis safety of fluticasone propionate/salmeterol HFA MDI in adolescent and adult patients with asthma. American Journal for Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2001;163(5):A863.
    1. Nathan RA, Rooklin A, Schoaf L, Scott C, Ellsworth A, House K, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of fluticasone propionate/salmeterol administered twice daily via hydrofluoroalkane 134a metered‐dose inhaler in adolescent and adult patients with persistent asthma: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, 12‐week study. Clinical Therapeutics 2006;28(1):73‐85. - PubMed
    1. Pearlman DS, Kent E, Lanz MJ, Peden D, Baitinger L, Herrle M, et al. Fluticasone propionate/salmeterol HFA MDI has a rapid onset of effect in asthmatics treated with short or long‐acting beta‐agonists (BA) or inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2001;163(5):A865.
    1. Rooklin A, Elkayam D, Weiler J, Windom H, Schoaf L, Scott C, et al. The fluticasone propionate/salmeterol HFA MDI is significantly more efficacious in treating asthma than placebo HFA MDI, fluticasone propionate CFC MDI or salmeterol CFC MDI. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2001;107(2):100s.
Nelson 1999 {published data only}
    1. Nelson HS, Berkowitz RB, Tinkelman DA, Emmett AH, Rickard KA, Yancey SW. Lack of sub‐sensitivity to albuterol after treatment with salmeterol in patients with asthma. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1999;159(5 pt 1):1556‐61. - PubMed
Nelson 2000 {published data only}
    1. Nelson H, Chervinsky P, Greos L, Pelskow W, Baitinger L, Scott C, et al. The salmeterol/fluticasone propionate combination product improves asthma control compared with the individual products in asthmatics treated with prn short‐acting beta2‐agonists alone. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2000;161(Suppl 3):A196.
    1. Nelson HS, Baitinger L, Scott C, House K, Payne E, Shah T. Salmeterol/fluticasone propionate (50/100µg dose) non‐CFC metered dose inhaler is safe and effective in patients with asthma using short‐acting ß²‐agonists alone. European Respiratory Journal 2000;16(31):53s.
    1. Nelson HS, Busse WW, Kerwin E, Church N, Emmett A, Rickard K, et al. Fluticasone propionate/salmeterol combination provides more effective asthma control than low‐dose inhaled corticosteroid plus montelukast. Journal Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2000;106(6):1088‐95. - PubMed
Nelson 2001 {published data only}
    1. Nelson HS, Nathan RA, Kalberg C, Yancey SW, Rickard KA. Comparison of inhaled salmeterol and oral zafirlukast in asthmatic patients using concomitant inhaled corticosteroids. Medscape General Medicine 2001;3(4):3. - PubMed
Newnham 1995 {published data only}
    1. Newnham‐DM, Grove A, McDevitt DG, Lipworth‐BJ. Subsensitivity of bronchodilator and systemic beta 2 adrenoceptor responses after regular twice daily treatment with eformoterol dry powder in asthmatic patients. Thorax 1995;50(5):497‐504. - PMC - PubMed
Nielsen 1999 {published data only}
    1. Nielsen LP, Pedersen B, Faurschou P, Madsen F, Wilcke JTR, Dahl R. Salmeterol reduces the need for inhaled corticosteroids in steroid‐dependent asthmatics. Respiratory Medicine 1999;93:863‐8. - PubMed
Nightingale 2002 {published data only}
    1. Nightingale JA, Rogers DF, Barnes PJ. Comparison of the effects of salmeterol and formoterol in patients with severe asthma. Chest 2002;121(5):1401‐6. - PubMed
Norhaya 1999 {published data only}
    1. Norhaya MR, Yap TM, Zainudin BMZ. Addition of inhaled salmeterol to inhaled corticosteroids in patients with poorly controlled nocturnal asthma. Repirology 1999;4:77‐81. - PubMed
Nsouli 2001 {published data only}
    1. Nsouli SM, McNutt WJ. The additive effects of montelukast and salmeterol in moderate asthmatics who are uncontrolled on a low dose on inhaled corticosteroids. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 2001;86:81.
O'Brian 2001 {published data only}
    1. O'Brian J, Carlos‐Palma A, Bogolubov M, Davies P, Payne E. Benefits of fluticasone propionate/salmeterol [fp/s] HFA MDI are apparent on the first day of dosing. Annual Thoracic Society 97th International Conference; San Francisco CA, May 18‐23. 2001.
O'Byrne 2005 {published data only}
    1. Bruce SA, Scherer YK. Maintenance and symptom relief with budesonide plus formoterol reduced severe asthma exacerbations. Evidence‐Based Nursing 2005;8(3):78. - PubMed
    1. O'Byrne PM, Bisgaard H, Godard PP. Budesonide/formoterol combination therapy as both maintenance and reliever medication in asthma. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2005;171:129‐36. - PubMed
O'Connor 2002 {published data only}
    1. O'Connor RD, O'Donnell JC, Pinto LA, Wiener DJ, Legorreta AP. Two‐year retrospective economic evaluation of three dual‐controller therapies used in the treatment of asthma. Chest 2002;121(4):1028‐35. - PubMed
Odeback 1998 {published data only}
    1. Odeback P. Is the addition of salmeterol more effective than doubling the dose of budesonide in mild asthma?. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1998;157(Suppl 3):A417.
Ortega‐Cisneros 1998 {published data only}
    1. Ortega‐Cisnero M, Maldonado‐Alaniz ML, Rosas Vargas MA, Sierra‐Monge JJL. Salmeterol and inhaled beclomethasone versus high dose inhaled beclomethasone in the control of pediatric patients with moderate asthma. Annals of Allergy and Asthma Immunology 1998;80:131.
Palmer 1992 {published data only}
    1. Palmer JBD, Stuart AM, Shepherd GL, Viskum K. Inhaled salmeterol in the treatment of patients with moderate to severe reversible obstructive airways disease ‐ a 3 month comparison of the efficacy and safety of twice‐daily salmeterol (100 mcg) with salmeterol (50 mcg). Respiratory Medicine 1992;86:409‐17. - PubMed
Palmqvist 2001 {published data only}
    1. Palmqvist M, Arvidsson P, Beckman O, Peterson S, Lotvall J. Onset of bronchodilation of budesonide/formoterol versus salmeterol/fluticasone in single inhalers. Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2001;14(1):29‐34. - PubMed
Paterson 1999 {published data only}
    1. Paterson MC, Wilson AM, Dempsey OJ, Sims EJ, Lipworth BJ. The effect of combination therapy with salmeterol and montelukast in asthmatic patients receiving inhaled corticosteroids. European Respiratory Society; Oct 9‐13; Madrid, Spain. 1999:3490.
Pauwels 1997 {published data only}
    1. Pauwels RA, Lofdahl CG, Postma DA, Tattersfield AE, O'Byrne P, Barnes PJ, et al. Effect of inhaled formoterol and budesonide on exacerbations of asthma. New England Journal of Medicine 1997;337(20):1405‐11. - PubMed
    1. Tattersfield AE, Postma DS, Barnes PJ, Svensson K, Bauer CA, O'Byrne PM, et al. Exacerbations of asthma: a descriptive study of 425 severe exacerbations. The FACET International Study Group. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine 1999;160(2):594‐9. - PubMed
Pauwels 1998a {published data only}
    1. Pauwels R. Additive effects of inhaled formoterol and budesonide in reducing asthma exacerbations. Allergy 1998;53:20‐3. - PubMed
Pauwels 1998b {published data only}
    1. Pauwels RA, Yernault JC, Demedts MG, Geusens P. Safety and efficacy of fluticasone and beclomethasone in moderate to severe asthma. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine 1998;157(3 pt 1):827‐32. - PubMed
Pearlman 1992 {published data only}
    1. Pearlman DA, Chervinsky P, LaForce C, Seltzer JM, Southern DL, Kemp JP, et al. A comparison of salmeterol with albuterol in the treatment of mild to moderate asthma. New England Journal of Medicine 1992;327:1420‐5. - PubMed
Pearlman 1994 {published data only}
    1. Pearlman DS, Liddle R. Controlling asthma symptoms: Salmeterol compared with salbutamol in large‐scale multicentre studies. European Respiratory Review 1994;4(21):301‐5.
Pearlman 2002 {published data only}
    1. Pearlman DS, White MV, Lieberman AK, Pepsin PJ, Kalberg C, Emmett A, et al. Fluticasone propionate/salmeterol combination compared with montelukast for the treatment of persistent asthma. Annals of Allergy and Asthma Immunology 2002;88(2):227‐35. - PubMed
Pearlman 2004 {published and unpublished data}
    1. McCarthy TP, Edin HM, House K, Yan SK, Vandermeer AK. The effects of salmeterol/fluticasone combination (SFC) dry powder inhaler (DPI) on asthma control and quality of life in patients previously treated with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). Thorax 2001;56(Suppl 3):iii 63.
    1. Pearlman DS, Peden D, Condemi JJ, Weinstein S, White M, Baitinger L, et al. Efficacy and safety of fluticasone propionate/salmeterol HFA 134A MDI in patients with mild‐to‐moderate persistent asthma. Journal of Asthma 2004;41(8):797‐806. - PubMed
    1. SAS30003. A stratified, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, parallel‐group, 12‐week trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of the salmeterol/fluticasone propionate combination in HFA 134a MDI, 42/88mcg BID, and salmeterol in propellant 11/12 MDI, 42mcg BID, fluticasone propionate in propellant 11/12 MDI, 88mcg BID, and placebo propellant HFA 134a MDI in adult and adolescent subjects with asthma. http://ctr.gsk.co.uk 2005.
    1. Weinstein SF, Pearlman DS, Condemi JJ, Herrle MR, Scott CA, Payne JE, et al. Superior efficacy of the fluticasone propionate/salmeterol 88/42mcg HFA‐MDI combination product versus the individual components in asthmatics previously treated with either short‐ or long‐acting beta2‐agonists or inhaled corticosteroids. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2001;107(2):S102.
    1. White M, Scott C, Herrle MR, Pearlman D, Payne E, House K, et al. Salmeterol/fluticasone propionate (42/88mcg) HFA‐mdi improves asthma control in asthmatics previously treated with short‐ or long‐acting beta2‐agonists or inhaled corticosteroids. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 2001;86(1):81.
Perez 2000 {published data only}
    1. Perez O. Montelukast treatment in children with asthma. Revista Alergia Mexico 2000;47(1):30‐2. - PubMed
Peters 2000 {published data only}
    1. Peters JI, Shelledy DC, Jones AP Jr, Lawson RW, Davis CP, LeGrand TS. A randomized, placebo‐controlled study to evaluate the role of salmeterol in the in‐hospital management of asthma. Chest 2000;118(2):313‐20. - PubMed
Pieters 1998 {published data only}
    1. Pieters WR, Sondhi S, Price MJ, Thwaites RM, Nyth A. The cost effectiveness of salmeterol/fluticasone propionate 50/500 microgram combination inhaler versus fluticasone propionate 500 microgram in patients with chronic asthma. European Respiratory Society; Oct 9‐13; Madrid, Spain. 1999:2458.
    1. Pieters WR, Steinmetz KO, Aubier M, Johnson L, Gomez E, Bogolubov M. Effectiveness of a new salmeterol/fluticasone propionate (50/500µg) combination inhaler in patients with reversible airways obstruction. European Respiratory Journal 1998;28:35s.
Pinnas 1998 {published data only}
    1. Pinnas JL, Schwartz H, Yancey SW, Rickard K. Six month comparison of beclomethasone versus salmeterol or placebo in adults with asthma. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1998;157(Suppl 3):A417.
Pizzichini 1996 {published data only}
    1. Pizzichini MM, Kidney JC, Wong BJ, Morris MM, Efthimiadis A, Dolovich J, et al. Effect of salmeterol compared with beclomethasone on allergen‐induced asthmatic and inflammatory responses. European Respiratory Journal 1996;9(3):449‐55. - PubMed
Pljaskic‐Kamenov 2000 {published data only}
    1. Pljaskic‐Kamenov SS, Filipovic MD, Kamenov BA. Comparison of addition of salmeterol xinafoate to budesonide with budesonide alone on symptoms and quality of life in asthmatic children. European Respiratory Journal 2000;16(Suppl 31):518s.
Price 2002 {published data only}
    1. Price D, Dutchman D, Mawson A, Bodalia B, Duggan S, Todd P. FLOW (Eformoterol in the management of mild asthma‐formoterol Turbohaler with budesonide turbohaler) Research group. Thorax 2002;57:791‐8. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Price MJ, Briggs AH. Development of an economic model to assess the cost effectiveness of asthma management strategies. Pharmacoeconomics 2002; Vol. 20, issue 3:183‐94. - PubMed
    1. Price MJ, Sondhi S, Yan S, Nyth A, House K. Salmeterol/fluticasone propionate combination inhaler is more cost effective than fluticasone propionate in patients with asthma. European Respiratory Society; Oct 9‐13; Madrid, Spain. 1999.
Pujet 1995 {published data only}
    1. Pujet JC, Evano CI. A randomized double‐blind study comparing inhaled beclomethasone with long‐acting theophylline for the first‐line treatment of moderate asthma. Semaine Des Hopitaux 1995;71(27‐28):865‐72.
Rance 2002 {published data only}
    1. Rance L, Musin L. Asthma management costs in Canada are lower with combination fluticasone propionate/salmeterol (250/50mcg BID) in a single inhaler than with budesonide 800mcg BID plus eformoterol 12 mcg BID via separate inhalers. Chest Conference; San Diego, CA. 2002:s6.
Rickard 2001 {published data only}
    1. Rickard K, Dorinsky PM, Knobil K, Pepsin P, Akveld MLM. The salmeterol/fluticasone propionate combination 50/100µg bid is more effective than oral montelukast 10mg of as a first line therapy in mild and moderate asthmatics. European Respiratory Journal 2001;18 Suppl 33:262s.
Rijssenbeek‐Nouwens 2002 {published data only}
    1. Rijssenbeek‐Nouwens LHM, Oosting AJ, Monchy JGR, Bregman I, Postma DS, Bruin‐Weller MS. The effect of anti‐allergic mattress encasings on house dust mite‐induced early‐ and late‐airway reactions in asthmatic patients. A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. Clinical & Experimental Allergy 2002;32(1):117‐25. - PubMed
Ringbaek 1996 {published data only}
    1. Ringbaek TJ, Soes‐Petersen U, Christensen M, Iversen ET, Rasmussen FV. Salmeterol improves the control of disease in patients with moderate asthma. A comparative study of inhaled salmeterol 50 mg and salbutamol depot tablets 8 mg, both administered twice daily. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1996;158(27):3940‐3. - PubMed
Ringdal 2002 {published data only}
    1. Alonso JF, Badiola C Kielhorn A. Economic evaluation of salmeterol/fluticasone combination vs budesonide plus formoterol in Spain. European Respiratory Journal 2001;18(Suppl 33):49s.
    1. Chuchalin AG, Chovan L, Ringdal N, Whitehead PJ. Advair™ seretide™ (250/50 mu‐g bid) shows nocturnal benefit over budesonide 800mu‐g + formoterol 12mu‐g bid in moderate to severe asthma. Annual Thoracic Society 97th International Conference; San Francisco CA, May 18‐23. 2001.
    1. Ringdal N, Chuchalin A, Chovan L, Tudoric N, Maggi E, Whitehead PJ. EDICT Investigators. Evaluation of different inhaled combinations therapies (EDICT); a randomised, double blind comparison of Seretide (ro/250) microg bd Diskus vs formoterol (12 microg bd) and budesonide (800 microg bd) given concurrently (both with turbuhaler) in patients with moderate to severe asthma. Respiratory Medicine 2002;96(11):851‐61. - PubMed
    1. Ringdal N, Chuchalin AG, Chovan L, Whitehead PJ. A comparison of Advair™/Seretide™ (salmeterol 50 mcg/fluticasone propionate 250 mcg bid) with formoterol 12 mcg + budesonide 800 mcg bid in moderate‐severe asthma. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2000;161(3 part 2 Suppl 1):A196.
    1. Ringdal NR, Chovan L, Chuchalin AG, Whitehead PJ. Advair™/Seretide™ (250/50mu‐g bid) shows exacerbation benefit over budesonide plus formoterol bid in moderate‐severe asthma. Annual Thoracic Society 97th International Conference; San Francisco CA, May 18‐23. 2001.
Ringdal 2003 {published data only}
    1. Ringdal N, Eliraz A, Pruzinec R, Weber HH, Mulder PG, Akveld M, et al. The salmeterol/fluticasone combination is more effective than fluticasone plus oral montelukast in asthma. Respiratory Medicine 97;3:234‐41. - PubMed
Rocca‐Serra 2002 {published data only}
    1. Rocca‐Serra JP, Vicaut E, Lefrancois G, Umile A, Lefrancois G, Chiesi SA, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of a new non‐extrafine formulation of beclomethasone HFA‐134a in patients with asthma: comparison with beclomethasone CFC. Clinical Drug Investigation 2002;22(10):653‐65.
Rosenhall 2002 {published data only}
    1. Rosenhall L, Heinig JH, Lindqvist A, Leegaard J, Stahl E, Bergqvist PB. Budesonide/formoterol (Symbicort) is well tolerated and effective in patients with moderate persistent asthma. International Journal of Clinical Practice 2002;56(6):427‐33. - PubMed
    1. Rosenhall L, Heinig JH, Lindqvist A, Leegard J, Bergqvist PBF. Symbicort (budesonide/eformoterol in a single inhaler) is safe and effective in the treatment of asthma. Thorax 2001;56(Suppl 3):iii 63.
Rosenhall 2003 {published data only}
    1. Rosenhall L, Elvstrand A, Tilling B, Vinge I, Jemsby P, Stahl E, et al. One‐year safety and efficacy of budesonide/formoterol in a single inhaler (Symbicort Turbuhaler ) for the treatment of asthma. Respiratory Medicine 2003;97(6):702‐8. - PubMed
    1. Rosenhall L, Heinig JH, Lindqvist A, Leegard J, Bergqvist PBF. Budesonide and formoterol in a single inhaler is safe and effective in the treatment of asthma. European Respiratory Journal 2001;18(33):159s.
    1. Rosenhall L, Stahl E, Heinig JH, Lindquist A, Leegard J, Bergqvist PBF. Health‐related quality of life and asthma control in patients using symbicort® (budesonide and formoterol in a single inhaler). Annual Thoracic Society 97th International Conference; San Francisco CA, May 18‐23. 2001.
    1. Rosenhall L, Stahl E, Heinig JH, Lindqvist A, Leegard J, Bergqvist PBF. Health‐related quality of life and asthma control in patients treated with budesonide and formoterol in a single inhaler. European Respiratory Journal 2001;18 Suppl 33:46s.
Rosenthal 1999 {published data only}
    1. Rosenthal RR, Busse WW, Kemp JP, Baker JW, Kalberg C, Emmett A, et al. Effect of long‐term salmeterol therapy compared with as‐needed albuterol use on airway hyperresponsiveness. Chest 1999;116(3):595‐602. - PubMed
Russell 1995 {published data only}
    1. Russell G, Williams DAJ, Weller P, Price JF. Salmeterol xinafoate on children on high dose inhaled steroids. Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 1995;75:423‐8. - PubMed
Saari 2002 {published data only}
    1. Saari SM, Vidgren MT, Herrala J, Turjanmaa VMH, Koskinen MO, Nieminen MM. Possibilities of formoterol to enhanced the peripheral lung deposition of the inhaled liposome corticosteroids. Respiratory Medicine 2002;96(12):999‐1005. - PubMed
SAM40004 {published data only}
    1. Beckett P, Hewitt L, Woodcock A, Smith J, Seghal N, Rice L, et al. Improvement in airway hyper‐responsiveness (AHR) and lung function with salmeterol/fluticasone propionate combination (SFC) in persistent asthma [abstract]. American Thoracic Society 99th International Conference. 2003:D034 Poster C27.
    1. SAM40004 (Glaxo Smith Kline). A multi‐centre, randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled parallel group study to compare the effect on airway inflammation and remodelling of treatment with salmeterol/fluticasone propionate combination product (50/100μg strength) bd via the Accuhaler inhaler, or fluticasone propionate 100μg bd via the Accuhaler inhaler or placebo via the Accuhaler inhaler for 16 weeks, followed by double‐blind treatment for 52 weeks with the salmeterol/fluticasone propionate combination product (50/100μg strength) bd via the Accuhaler inhaler or fluticasone propionate 100μg bd via the Accuhaler inhaler, in adults with reversible airways obstruction (SIRIAS ‐ Seretide in Inflammation and Remodelling In Asthma Study). http://www.ctr.gsk.co.uk 2004 (accessed 2 May 2008).
SAM40104 {unpublished data only}
    1. Houghton CM, Wixon C, Yoxall S, Langley SJ, Singh D, Woodcock AA. Specific airways resistance (sRaw) provides a sensitive measure of bronchodilation in mild asthmatic adult patients with near normal lung function. American Thoracic Society Annual Meeting. 2005, issue A378.
    1. SAM40104. Single centre, randomised, double‐blind, comparator study to demonstrate superiority of salmeterol/fluticasone propionate combination product 50/100mcg bd over fluticasone propionate 100mcg bd with respect to improvements in airway physiology in adults with persistent asthma treated for 4 weeks. http://www.ctr.gsk.co.uk 2006.
SAS10006 {published data only}
    1. Fueki N, Fueki M, Makino S, Takemoto Y, Yasuda K, Nishioka Y, et al. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of salmeterol/fluticasone propionate via diskus in Japanese and Caucasian asthma patients. 4th Triennual World Asthma Meeting, Bangkok, Thailand. 2004.
    1. SAS10006. A 12‐week, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, 3‐way crossover study in adult subjects with asthma aged 18‐55 years to examine the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of fluticasone propionate (FP) administered twice daily via the DISKUS™ (FP 100mcg) and the FP/Salmeterol (SALM) combination product (FP 100mcg/SALM 50mcg) administered twice daily via the DISKUS. http://www.ctr.gsk.co.uk 2005.
SAS30013 {unpublished data only}
    1. SAS30013. A study to compare the long term effects on airway inflammation of Seretide versus Flixotide in adult subjects with asthma. http://www.ctr.gsk.co.uk 2004.
Schreurs 1996 {published data only}
    1. Schreurs AJM, Sinninghe Damste HEJ, Graaff CS, Greefhorst APM. A dose‐response study with formoterol Turbuhaler as maintenance therapy in asthmatic patients. European Respiratory Journal 1996;9:1678‐83. - PubMed
Scicchitano 2004 {published and unpublished data}
    1. SD‐039‐0668. Efficacy and safety of Symbicort (budesonide/formoterol) Turbuhaler as single therapy in subjects with moderate‐severe asthma. Comparison with conventional asthma therapy, Pulmicort (budesonide) Turbuhaler, as regular treatment complemented with Bricanyl (Terbutaline) Turbuhaler. www.astrazeneca.com 2005.
    1. Scicchitano R, Aalbers R, Ukena D, Manjra A, Fouquert L, Centanni S, et al. Efficacy and safety of budesonide/formoterol single inhaler therapy versus a higher dose of budesonide in moderate to severe asthma. Current Medical Research and Opinion 2004;20(9):1403‐18. - PubMed
Sears 2003 {published data only}
    1. Sears MR, McIvor A, Becker A, Fitzgearld JM, Boulet LP, Ernsy P, et al. Budesonide/formoterol adjustable maintenance dosing effectively improves asthma symptom severity: a multicentre Canadian study. European Respiratory Journal 2003;22 Suppl 45:258s.
Serrier 2003 {published data only}
    1. Serrier P, Roche N, Pello JY, Larguier JS, Mezzi K. Asthma control achieved with inhaled corticosteroids and long‐acting beta2‐agonists in a free or fixed combination: Results of the ALISE survey. Presse Medicale 2003;32(11):493‐7. - PubMed
Shapiro 2000 {published data only}
    1. Shapiro G, Lumry W, Wolfe J, Given J, White M, Woodring A, et al. Combined salmeterol 50mcg and fluticasone propionate 250mcg in the diskus device for the treatment of asthma. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2000;161:527‐34. - PubMed
Shapiro 2001 {published data only}
    1. Shapiro GG, Mendelson LM, Pearlman DS. Once‐daily budesonide inhalation powder (Pulmicort Turbuhaler) maintains pulmonary function and symptoms of asthmatic children previously receiving inhaled corticosteroids. Annals of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology 2001;86(6):633‐40. - PubMed
Sheth 2002 {published data only}
    1. Sheth K, Borker R, Emmett A, Rickard K, Dorinsky P. Cost‐effectiveness comparison of salmeterol/fluticasone propionate versus montelukast in the treatment of adults with persistent asthma. Pharmacoeconomics 2002;20(13):909‐18. - PubMed
Sienra‐Monge 2001 {published data only}
    1. Sienra‐Monge JJL, Rio BE, Alvarez ME, Magana AJ. Comparison of quality of life and pulmonary function on moderate asthmatic children treated with Beclomethasone and Beclomethasone plus Salmeterol. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2001; Vol. 107, issue 2:s263.
Simons 1997a {published data only}
    1. Simons F, Estelle R, Gerstner TV, Cheang MS. Tolerance to the bronchoprotective effect of salmeterol in adolescents with exercise‐induced asthma using concurrent inhaled glucocorticoid treatment. Pediatrics 1997;99(5):655‐9. - PubMed
Simons 1997b {published data only}
    1. Simons FER. A comparison of beclomethasone, salmeterol and placebo in children with asthma. New England Journal of Medicine 1997;337:1659‐65. - PubMed
SNS {published data only}
    1. Castle W, Fuller R, Hall J, Palmer J. Serevent nationwide surveillance study: comparison of salmeterol with salbutamol in asthmatic patients who require regular bronchodilator treatment. BMJ 113;306:1034‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Sovani 2008 {published data only}
    1. MP Sovani. The effect of providing a single combination inhaler on steroid use and asthma control. Nottingham City Hospital NHS Trust.
    1. Sovani MP, Whale CI, Oborne J, Cooper S, Mortimer K, Ekström T, et al. Poor adherence with inhaled corticosteroids for asthma: can using a single inhaler containing budesonide and formoterol help?. British Journal of General Practice 2008;58(546):37‐43. - PMC - PubMed
Staehr 1995 {published data only}
    1. Staehr P, Vestbo I. Salmeterol improves control in asthmatic patients treated in general practice. A comparative study of salmeterol (Serevent) and salbutamol. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1995;157(1):36‐40. - PubMed
Stanford 2002 {published data only}
    1. Stanford RH, Borker R, Dorinsky P, Pepsin P, Kalberg C, Emmett A, et al. The costs and efficacy of fluticasone propionate/salmeterol combination versus montelukast in the treatment of adults with persistent asthma. Chest Conference; San Diego, CA. 2002:422.
Stelmach 2001 {published data only}
    1. Stelmach I, Grzelewski T, Majak P, Majak J, Bobrowska M, Jerzynska J, et al. The effect of triamcinolone, montelukast and formoterol on serum levels of il‐4, IgE and clinical parameters in children with asthma. Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski 2001;11(63):247‐51. - PubMed
Stelmach 2002a {published data only}
    1. Stelmach I, Jerzynska J, Majak P, Grzelewski T, Gorski P, Stelmach W, et al. Effect of triamcinolone acetonide, montelukast, nedocromil sodium, formoterol on serum levels of sICAM‐1, sIL‐2R and clinical parameters of asthma in children. Polski Merkuriusz Lekarsk 2002;12(68):99‐103. - PubMed
Stelmach 2002b {published data only}
    1. Stelmach I, Jerzynska J, Kuna P. A randomized, double‐blind trial of the effect of glucocorticoid, antileukotriene and [beta]‐agonist treatment on IL‐10 serum levels in children with asthma. Clinical & Experimental Allergy 2002;32(2):264‐9. - PubMed
Stelmach 2007 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Stelmach I, Grzelewskia T, Bobrowska‐Korzeniowska M, Stelmach P, Kuna P. A randomized, double‐blind trial of the effect of anti‐asthma treatment on lung function in children with asthma. Pulmonology Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2007;20:691‐700. - PubMed
Stojkovic‐Andjelkovi 2001 {published data only}
    1. Stojkovic‐Andjelkovic AK, Pajovic DM, Protrka OJ, Ugrinovic BS, Obradovic SM, Pavicevic MD. Effect of combination fluticasone propionate and salmeterol diskhaler in treatment of moderate to severe asthma: comparison of initial high dose, constant medium dose and placebo. European Respiratory Journal 2001; Vol. 18 Suppl 33:123s.
Tal 2003 {published data only}
    1. Tal A, Simon G, Vermeulen JH. Symbicort® (budesonide and formoterol in a single inhaler) is effective and well tolerated in children with asthma. Annual Thoracic Society 97th International Conference; San Francisco CA, May 18‐23. 2001.
    1. Tal A, Simon G, Vermeulen JH, Petru V, Cobos N, Everard MI, et al. Budesonide/formoterol in a single inhaler versus inhaled corticosteroids alone in the treatment of asthma. Pediatric Pulmonology 2002;34:342‐50. - PubMed
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References to other published versions of this review

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