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. 2009 Dec;65(12):1312-26.
doi: 10.1002/jclp.20631.

Gender differences in the longitudinal structure of cognitive diatheses for depression in children and adolescents

David A Cole  1 , Farrah M Jacquez, Alanna E Truss, Ashley Q Pineda, Amy S Weitlauf, Carlos E Tilghman-Osborne, Julia W Felton, Melissa A Maxwell
Affiliations

Gender differences in the longitudinal structure of cognitive diatheses for depression in children and adolescents

David A Cole et al. J Clin Psychol. 2009 Dec.

Abstract

In a school-based, four-wave, longitudinal study, children (grades 4-7) and young adolescents (grades 6-9) completed questionnaires measuring depressive symptoms and depressive cognitions, including positive and negative cognitions on the Cognitive Triad Inventory for Children (CTI-C; Kaslow, Stark, Printz, Livingston, & Tsai, 1992) and self-perceived competence on the Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC; Harter, 1985). Application of the Trait-State-Occasion model (Cole, Martin, & Steiger, 2005) revealed the existence of a time-invariant trait factor and a set of time-varying occasion factors. Gender differences emerged, indicating that some cognitive diatheses were more trait-like for girls than for boys (i.e., positive and negative cognitions on the CTI-C; self-perceived physical appearance and global self-worth on the SPPC). Implications focus on the emergent gender difference in depression, the design of longitudinal studies, and clinical decisions about the implementation of prevention versus intervention programs.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Correlations between cognitive measures and the CDI, broken down by grade and gender.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Correlations between cognitive measures and the C, broken down by grade and gender.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Generic path diagram for Trait-State-Occasion models.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Variance due to time-invariant (trait) factors and time-varying (state) factors broken down by gender, cohort, and type of cognition.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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