Quality of life supersedes the classic prognosticators for long-term survival in locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: an analysis of RTOG 9801

Abstract

Purpose: To determine the added value of quality of life (QOL) as a prognostic factor for overall survival (OS) in patients with locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated on Radiation Therapy Oncology Group RTOG-9801.

Patients and methods: Two hundred forty-three patients with stage II/IIIAB NSCLC received induction paclitaxel and carboplatin (PC) and then concurrent weekly PC and hyperfractionated radiation (to 69.6 Gy). Patients were randomly assigned to amifostine (AM) or no AM during chemoradiotherapy. The following pretreatment factors were analyzed as prognostic factors for OS: Karnofsky performance status, stage, sex, age, race, marital status, histology, tumor location, hemoglobin, tobacco use, treatment arm (AM v no AM) and QOL scores (European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire C30 [QLQ-C30] and Lung Cancer 13 [LC-13]). A multivariate (MVA) Cox proportional hazards model was performed using a backwards selection process.

Results: Of the 239 analyzable patients, 91% had a baseline global QOL score. Median follow-up time was 59 months for patients still alive and 17 months for all patients. Median baseline QLQ-C30 global QOL score was 66.7 on both treatment arms. Whether the global QOL score was treated as a dichotomized variable (based on the median score) or a continuous variable, all other variables fell out of the MVA for OS. Patients with a global QOL score less than 66.7 had an approximately 70% higher rate of death than patients with scores > or = 66.7 (P = .004). A 10-point higher baseline global QOL score corresponded to a decrease in the hazard of death by approximately 10% (P = .004). The other independent QOL predictors for OS were the QLQ-C30 physical functioning (P = .011) and LC-13 dyspnea scores (P = .012).

Conclusion: In this analysis, baseline global QOL score replaced known prognostic factors as the sole predictor of long-term OS for patients with locally advanced NSCLC.

Fig 1.

Overall survival rates based on the baseline European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire C30 global quality-of-life (QOL) score (5-year overall survival of 27% v 11% for global QOL scores above and below the median level, respectively).

Fig 2.

(A) Overall survival (OS) rates based on the baseline European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire–Lung Cancer 13 (EORTC QLQ LC-13) dyspnea score (5-year OS of 15% v 19% for EORTC QLQ LC-13 dyspnea scores above and below the median level, respectively). (B) OS rates based on the baseline EORTC QLQ-C30 physical functioning score (5-year OS of 23% v 12% for EORTC QLQ-C30 physical functioning scores above and below the median level, respectively).