Pregnancy restores insulin secretion from pancreatic islets in cafeteria diet-induced obese rats

Abstract

Insulin resistance during pregnancy is counteracted by enhanced insulin secretion. This condition is aggravated by obesity, which increases the risk of gestational diabetes. Therefore, pancreatic islet functionality was investigated in control nonpregnant (C) and pregnant (CP), and cafeteria diet-fed nonpregnant (Caf), and pregnant (CafP) obese rats. Isolated islets were used for measurements of insulin secretion (RIA), NAD(P)H production (MTS), glucose oxidation ((14)CO(2) production), intracellular Ca(2+) levels (fura-2 AM), and gene expression (real-time PCR). Impaired glucose tolerance was clearly established in Caf and CafP rats at the 14th wk on a diet. Insulin secretion induced by direct depolarizing agents such as KCl and tolbutamide and increasing concentrations of glucose was significantly reduced in Caf, compared with C islets. This reduction was not observed in islets from CP and CafP rats. Accordingly, the glucose oxidation and production of reduced equivalents were increased in CafP islets. The glucose-induced Ca(2+) increase was significantly lower in Caf and higher in CafP, compared with all other groups. CP and CafP islets demonstrated an increased Ca(2+) oscillation frequency, compared with both C and Caf islets, and the amplitude of oscillations was augmented in CafP, compared with Caf islets. In addition, Ca(v)alpha1.2 and SERCA2a mRNA levels were reduced in Caf islets. Ca(v)alpha1.2, but not SERCA2a, mRNA was normalized in CafP islets. In conclusion, cafeteria diet-induced obesity impairs insulin secretion. This alteration is related to the impairment of Ca(2+) handling in pancreatic islets, in especial Ca(2+) influx, a defect that is reversed during pregnancy allowing normalization of insulin secretion.