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Review
. 2009 Apr 15;5(2 Suppl):S6-15.

Regulation and functional correlates of slow wave sleep

Derk-Jan Dijk  1
Affiliations
Review

Regulation and functional correlates of slow wave sleep

Derk-Jan Dijk. J Clin Sleep Med. .
No abstract available

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Slow wave sleep and slow wave activity (SWA) during nocturnal sleep in a healthy 22-year-old male subject (Dijk, unpublished data). REM, rapid eye movement.
Figure 2
Figure 2
A: Time course of slow wave activity (SWA) during sleep episodes from a healthy subject during a forced desynchrony protocol. Data are double plotted, i.e., two consecutive 24-hour periods are plotted next to each other and below each other. The solid line represents the progression of the timing of the nadir of the core body temperature rhythm. Note that SWA declines in all sleep episodes, regardless of when the sleep episodes are initiated relative to the core body temperature nadir. B: Estimation of the circadian (left panel) and sleep-dependent (right panel) changes in SWA (upper panel) and core body temperature (lower panel) in 8 healthy subjects living in an environment free from time cues for 33–36 days and scheduled to a 28-hour rest–activity cycle. Note that while there is a robust sleep-dependent modulation of SWA, its circadian amplitude is very small, indicating that the SWA is not strongly modulated by circadian phase. NREM, nonrapid eye movement. Reproduced, with permission, from Dijk and Czeisler.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Time course of slow wave activity (SWA) and prevailing vigilance state (N, nonrapid eye movement sleep; R, rapid eye movement sleep; W, waking) during baseline sleep and recovery sleep following 36 hours' sleep deprivation in humans and 24 hours' sleep deprivation in the rat (Franken, unpublished data). Reproduced, with permission, from Dijk et al and Paul Franken.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Slow wave activity (SWA) in nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep during baseline sleep and in the first NREM sleep (open circles) and in the first NREM sleep episodes of naps (closed circles) starting at 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, and 22 hours in seven healthy female subjects. Data are plotted at the midpoint of NREM–REM cycles. Note that the first value of baseline sleep is replotted at 24 hours. Vertical lines indicate the standard error of the mean. A saturating exponential function was fitted through the extrapolated values at sleep onset. This extrapolation was based on the duration of the NREM–REM cycle of the naps and the time constant of the exponential declining function fitted through the average values of SWA in NREM–REM cycles of baseline sleep. All values are expressed as percentages of the value of slow wave activity in the first NREM–REM cycle of baseline night sleep. Reproduced, with permission, from Dijk.
Figure 5
Figure 5
A: Sleep propensity, B: slow wave activity (SWA) and C: time course of SWA and vigilance states (N, nonrapid eye movement sleep; R, rapid eye movement sleep; W, waking) of baseline night, nap and post-nap sleep after a nap in the early evening in a single subject. SWA was expressed as a percentage of total accumulated SWA in baseline sleep. Reproduced, with permission, from Werth et al.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Effect of repeated disruption of sleep on slow wave activity (SWA) in nine healthy subjects. A: Time course of SWA during baseline sleep (top) and during a sleep episode during which SWA was suppressed by acoustic stimulation (bottom). B: Accumulation of electroencephalogram (EEG) energy during baseline (solid line) and a sleep episode during which SWA was suppressed by acoustic stimulation (dotted line). Solid vertical lines indicate the standard errors of the means. Dashed vertical line indicates the end of slow wave sleep deprivation during the experimental night. Values are expressed as a % of energy accumulated during the first 7 hours of the baseline night. NREM, nonrapid eye movement; REM, rapid eye movement. Reproduced, with permission, from Dijk and Dijk et al.
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