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Review
. 2010 Jan 16;24(2):163-87.
doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32833424c8.

Targeting Trojan Horse leukocytes for HIV prevention

Deborah J Anderson  1 , Joseph A Politch, Adam M Nadolski, Caitlin D Blaskewicz, Jeffrey Pudney, Kenneth H Mayer
Affiliations
Review

Targeting Trojan Horse leukocytes for HIV prevention

Deborah J Anderson et al. AIDS. .
No abstract available

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1. Leukocytes in human genital secretions, identified by immunohistochemistry
(a) CD4+ T cell in semen. (b) CD68+ macrophages in semen. (c) CD45+ leukocytes in semen from a man with leukocytospermia. (d) CD68+ macrophages in cervicovaginal secretions. Magnification × 400.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2. HIV-infected leukocyte interaction with epithelial cells: attachment and directional viral shedding
(a) Scanning electron micrograph showing HIV-infected lymphocytes adhering to the surface of an epithelial cell (magnification × 10000). (b) Transmission electron micrograph of HIV-infected macrophage from semen releasing virus after contact with a genital tract epithelial cell (magnification × 15 000). Original photographs provided by David M. Phillips with permission from the Population Council, New York. Part (a) reproduced from [4].
Fig. 3
Fig. 3. Macrophage interactions with human endocervical tissue explants
Scanning electron micrograph (a) and transmission electron micrograph (b) of human peripheral blood monocyte attached to epithelial intracellular junction. Scanning electron micrograph (c) and transmission electron micrograph (d) of human peripheral blood monocyte apparently infiltrating between two epithelial cells. Magnification: scanning electron micrograph, × 10000; transmission electron micrograph, × 15000.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4. Mechanisms underlying cell-associated HIV transmission
(a) Columnar epithelium: (1) Infected cell migrates between epithelial cells to infect susceptible host cells in the lamina propria or draining lymph nodes. (2) HIV trancytosis through epithelial cells to infect susceptible target cells in lamina propria. (b) Stratified squamous epithelium: (3) Transfer of HIV from infected leukocyte to epithelial cell, which transfers virus to intraepithelial or subepithelial target cells through (a) transcytosis or (b) attraction via release of chemokines. (4) Direct cell-to-cell transfer of HIV from infected leukocyte to intraepithelial target cell via viral synapses. (5) Transepithelial migration of infected leukocyte to infect intraepithelial target cells within the epithelium. (6) Transepithelial migration of infected cell to infect target cells in the subepithelium or draining lymph nodes.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. UNAIDS. AIDS epidemic update. Geneva: UNAIDS and WHO; 2007.
    1. Shattock RJ, Moore JP. Inhibiting sexual transmission of HIV-1 infection. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2003;1:25–34. - PubMed
    1. Anderson DJ, Yunis EJ. ‘Trojan Horse’ leukocytes in AIDS. N Engl J Med. 1983;309:984–985. - PubMed
    1. Phillips DM. The role of cell-to-cell transmission in HIV infection. AIDS. 1994;8:719–731. - PubMed
    1. Levy JA. The transmission of AIDS: the case of the infected cell. JAMA. 1988;259:3037–3038. - PubMed

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