Effects of handgrip training with venous restriction on brachial artery vasodilation

Abstract

Previous studies have shown that resistance training with restricted venous blood flow (Kaatsu) results in significant strength gains and muscle hypertrophy. However, few studies have examined the concurrent vascular responses following restrictive venous blood flow training protocols.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 4 wk of handgrip exercise training, with and without venous restriction, on handgrip strength and brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (BAFMD).

Methods: Twelve participants (mean +/- SD: age = 22 +/- 1 yr, men = 5, women = 7) completed 4 wk of bilateral handgrip exercise training (duration = 20 min, intensity = 60% of the maximum voluntary contraction, cadence = 15 grips per minute, frequency = three sessions per week). During each session, venous blood flow was restricted in one arm (experimental (EXP) arm) using a pneumatic cuff placed 4 cm proximal to the antecubital fossa and inflated to 80 mm Hg for the duration of each exercise session. The EXP and the control (CON) arms were randomly selected. Handgrip strength was measured using a hydraulic hand dynamometer. Brachial diameters and blood velocity profiles were assessed, using Doppler ultrasonography, before and after 5 min of forearm occlusion (200 mm Hg) before and at the end of the 4-wk exercise.

Results: After exercise training, handgrip strength increased 8.32% (P = 0.05) in the CON arm and 16.17% (P = 0.05) in the EXP arm. BAFMD increased 24.19% (P = 0.0001) in the CON arm and decreased 30.36% (P = 0.0001) in the EXP arm.

Conclusions: The data indicate handgrip training combined with venous restriction results in superior strength gains but reduced BAFMD compared with the nonrestricted arm.

Figure 1

Mean change in handgrip strength at baseline (pre-training) and following 4 weeks (post-training) of exercise. Data are presented as mean ± SE. *Significant vs. baseline; †Significant vs. EXP Arm, p≤0.05.

Figure 2

Mean change in BAFMD at baseline (pre-training) and following 4 weeks (post-training) of exercise. Data are presented as mean ± SE. *Significant vs. baseline; †Significant vs. CON Arm, p≤0.05.

Figure 3

Individual BAFMD values, between study arms, at baseline (pre-training) and following 4 weeks (post training) of handgrip exercise. Solid lines represent male participants, while dashed lines represent female participants.

Figure 4

Examination of Ante- and Retrograde shear (s⁻¹) in the brachial artery, at rest and during 20 minutes of handgrip exercise, in the EXP and CON arm. *Significant vs. antegrade shear rates during exercise; †Significant vs. CON at rest, p≤0.05.