Cytoplasmic expression of nucleophosmin accurately predicts mutation in the nucleophosmin gene in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and normal karyotype

Abstract

Mutations in the nucleophosmin (NPM1) exon 12 resulting in delocalization of NPM1 into the cytoplasm occur in 50% to 60% of acute myeloid leukemia cases with a normal karyotype (AML-NK). As recent studies suggest such patients have a favorable prognosis and there are discordant reports of the immunohistochemical detection of cytoplasmic NPM1 (NPMc+) for predicting NPM1 gene mutations, we correlated the immunohistochemical detection of NPMc+, NPM1 gene mutations, and prognosis in 57 cases of AML-NK. All 31 NPMc+ cases (54% of total) had NPM1 mutations, but none of the 26 nucleus-restricted (NPMc-) cases (46% of total) had NPM1 mutations (P < .0001). NPM1 mutations were correlated with FLT3-internal tandem duplication (ITD) (P = .0062), absence of CD34 (P = .0001), and absence of CD7 (P = .041). There was a favorable survival outcome in AML-NK cases that were NPM1 mutated and FLT3-ITD nonmutated. Our data confirm that cytoplasmic NPM1 immunoreactivity predicts NPM1 mutations and warrants inclusion in the routine diagnostic and prognostic workup of AML.