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Review
. 2010 Dec;171(1-4):255-65.
doi: 10.1007/s10661-009-1276-z. Epub 2009 Dec 22.

Determination of cadmium and lead in human biological samples by spectrometric techniques: a review

Valfredo Azevedo Lemos  1 , Anaildes Lago de Carvalho
Affiliations
Review

Determination of cadmium and lead in human biological samples by spectrometric techniques: a review

Valfredo Azevedo Lemos et al. Environ Monit Assess. 2010 Dec.

Abstract

The analysis of human biological samples, such as blood, urine, nails, and hair, is generally used for the verification of human exposure to toxic metals. In this review, various spectrometric methods for the determination of cadmium and lead in biological samples are discussed and compared. Several spectrometric techniques are presented and discussed with respect to various characteristics such as sensitivity, selectivity, and cost. Special attention is drawn to the procedures for digestion prior to the determination of cadmium and lead in hair, nails, blood, and urine.

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