Should fine-needle aspiration cytology be the first choice diagnostic modality for assessment of all nonpalpable breast lesions? The experience of a breast cancer screening center in Alexandria, Egypt

Abstract

Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of breast masses has been replaced by ultrasound-guided core-needle biopsy (USG-CNB) in many countries. However, in Egypt, breast FNAC continues to play the major role in diagnosing breast masses. In this prospective study, we evaluated the efficacy of USG-FNACs performed at a breast cancer screening center by comparing the FNAC results with the corresponding definitive histological examination outcome. We also investigated the role that CNB can play as a complementary diagnostic tool for FNAC in selected cases. A total of 229 consecutive nonpalpable breast masses were included in this study. Each FNAC was placed into one of four categories: 3.5% nondiagnostic, 13.5% benign, 12.3% atypical/suspicious (indeterminate), and 70.7% malignant. The overall diagnostic accuracy was 98.9%, with a specificity and sensitivity of 99.3 and 96.7%, respectively. The overall positive predictive values and negative predictive values were 99.3 and 96.7%, respectively. Only 37 masses (16%) were converted to CNB, with the indeterminate cytology being the most common cause (54%) for this conversion. Two cases demonstrating the superior benefit of FNAC over CNB are illustrated. Although we started the study by reserving CNB as a first choice to assess microcalcifications without architectural distortion, we ended the study by deciding to perform combined FNAC and CNB for this type of lesions. In conclusion, aiming to maximize the preoperative diagnosis of cancer, it would be cost efficient and time saving to use FNAC as a first-line investigation to benefit from the wealth of cytological information yielded, followed by CNB in selected cases.