Nutritional status of vitamin D and the effect of vitamin D supplementation in Korean breast-fed infants

Abstract

We investigated the vitamin D status and the effect of vitamin D supplementation in Korean breast-fed infants. The healthy term newborns were divided into 3 groups; A, formula-fed; B, breast-fed only; S, breast-fed with vitamin D supplementation. We measured serum concentrations of vitamin D (25OHD3), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), alkaline phosphatase (AP), intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and bone mineral density (BMD) at 6 and 12 months of age. Using questionnaires, average duration of sun-light exposure and dietary intake of vitamin D, Ca and P were obtained. At 6 and 12 months of age, 25OHD3 was significantly higher in group S than in group B (P<0.001). iPTH was significantly lower in group S than in group B at 6 months (P=0.001), but did not differ at 12 months. Regardless of vitamin D supplementation, BMD was lower in group B and S than in group A (P<0.05). Total intake of vitamin D differed among 3 groups (P<0.001, A>S>B), but total intake of Ca and P were higher in group A than in group B and S (P<0.001). In conclusion, breast-fed infants show lower vitamin D status and bone mineralization than formula-fed infants. Vitamin D supplementation (200 IU/day) in breast-fed infants increases serum 25-OH vitamin D(3), but not bone mineral density.

Keywords: Bone Density; Breast feeding; Dietary Supplements; Infant; Nutritional Status; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency.

Fig. 1

Comparison of serum levels of 25-OH vitamin D₃ (25OHD3) (A), parathyroid hormone (PTH=iPTH) (B), and bone mineral density (BMD) (C) among 3 study groups at birth, 6, and 12 months of age (A, formula-fed; B, breast-fed without supplementation; S, breast-fed with vitamin D supplementation).

Fig. 2

Relationship between serum 25-OH vitamin D3 (25OHD3, VD) and parathyroid hormone (PTH=iPTH) levels at 6 months (A) and 12 months of age (B).