National use of asbestos in relation to economic development

Abstract

Background: National disparities in asbestos use will likely lead to an unequal burden of asbestos diseases.

Objectives: As economic status may be linked to asbestos use, we assessed, globally, the relationship between indicators of national economic development and asbestos use.

Methods: For the 135 countries that have ever used asbestos, per capita asbestos use (kilograms per capita per year) was compared with per capita gross domestic product (GDP) in 1990 Geary-Khamis dollars (GKD) for the period 1920-2003. Countries were grouped into three income levels (high, middle, and low) that were adapted from the 2003 World Bank categories.

Results: The historical pattern of asbestos use followed the environmental Kuznets curve in which use by high-income countries peaked when incomes attained 10,000-15,000 GKD and essentially ceased at income levels over 20,000 GKD. Currently, middle- and low-income countries are increasing their use of asbestos, closely following the paths once traced by higher income countries.

Conclusions: Developing countries have the opportunity to eliminate asbestos use sooner than high-income countries and thus reduce the future burden of asbestos diseases.

Figure 1

Asbestos use versus GDP in the world.

Figure 2

Asbestos use versus GDP by income level groups. Symbols: ×, data point that cannot be connected with line graph because of presence of adjacent data point with value < 0.05 kg per capita; *, no data or data < 0.05 kg per capita because of ban. Looping patterns occur when asbestos use and income status reversed trends during the time course.