Effects of interdomain tether length and flexibility on the kinetics of intramolecular electron transfer in human sulfite oxidase

Abstract

Sulfite oxidase (SO) is a vitally important molybdenum enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of toxic sulfite to sulfate. The proposed catalytic mechanism of vertebrate SO involves two intramolecular one-electron transfer (IET) steps from the molybdenum cofactor to the iron of the integral b-type heme and two intermolecular one-electron steps to exogenous cytochrome c. In the crystal structure of chicken SO [Kisker, C., et al. (1997) Cell 91, 973-983], which is highly homologous to human SO (HSO), the heme iron and molybdenum centers are separated by 32 A and the domains containing these centers are linked by a flexible polypeptide tether. Conformational changes that bring these two centers into greater proximity have been proposed [Feng, C., et al. (2003) Biochemistry 42, 5816-5821] to explain the relatively rapid IET kinetics, which are much faster than those theoretically predicted from the crystal structure. To explore the proposed role(s) of the tether in facilitating this conformational change, we altered both its length and flexibility in HSO by site-specific mutagenesis, and the reactivities of the resulting variants have been studied using laser flash photolysis and steady-state kinetics assays. Increasing the flexibility of the tether by mutating several conserved proline residues to alanines did not produce a discernible systematic trend in the kinetic parameters, although mutation of one residue (P105) to alanine produced a 3-fold decrease in the IET rate constant. Deletions of nonconserved amino acids in the 14-residue tether, thereby shortening its length, resulted in more drastically reduced IET rate constants. Thus, the deletion of five amino acid residues decreased IET by 70-fold, so that it was rate-limiting in the overall reaction. The steady-state kinetic parameters were also significantly affected by these mutations, with the P111A mutation causing a 5-fold increase in the sulfite K(m) value, perhaps reflecting a decrease in the ability to bind sulfite. The electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of these proline to alanine and deletion mutants are identical to those of wild-type HSO, indicating no significant change in the Mo active site geometry.

Figure 1

Sequence alignment of the flexible tether regions of cSO and HSO. Amino acids highlighted in red are conserved between the two species, while those in blue are similar. Mutations discussed in this work are indicated in the HSO sequence: proline residues mutated to alanines are in bold type, and deleted residues are underlined.

Figure 2

IET Rate Constants for the Proline to Alanine Tether Mutants

Figure 3

IET Rate Constants for Tether Deletion Mutants.

Figure 4

Spectroelectrochemical titration of the b₅ heme of wild-type HSO at pH 7.5 and 27°C. The inset shows the fit of the data to eq. 11 at 413 nm (53); black = wt; red = ΔKVATV mutation.