Myocarditis in infants and children: A review for the paediatrician
- PMID: 20084124
- PMCID: PMC2805590
- DOI: 10.1093/pch/6.8.543
Myocarditis in infants and children: A review for the paediatrician
Abstract
Clinical myocarditis is uncommon in infants and children. The most common pathogen is Coxsackievirus B. The offending agent triggers an immune response, which results in myocardial edema with subsequent impairment of systolic and diastolic function. Newborns and infants are more severely affected because the immature myocardium has limited ways of adapting to an acute insult. Children typically present with sinus tachycardia and gallop on auscultation, cardiomegaly on chest x-ray and small voltages on electrocardiogram. The echocardiogram shows reduced ventricular function. Viral studies can isolate the pathogen. Myocardial biopsy is useful diagnostically, but carries a significant risk for the sick infant. The first line of treatment includes measures such as rest, oxygen and diuretics. Inotropic agents are useful in moderate to severe heart failure. The role of immunosuppressive therapy is not yet clearly established in the paediatric age group. Prognosis is guarded in newborns but more favourable in older children.
La myocardite clinique est rare chez les nourrissons et les enfants. Le pathogène le plus courant est le virus Coxsackie B. L’agent déclenchant provoque une réaction immunitaire qui entraîne un œdème du myocarde suivi d’une défaillance de la fonction systolique et diastolique. Les nouveau-nés et les nourrissons sont plus touchés parce que le myocarde immature possède peu de moyens de s’adapter à une insulte aiguë. D’ordinaire, les enfants présentent une tachycardie sinusale et un bruit de galop à l’auscultation, une cardiomégalie à la radiographie pulmonaire et une faible tension à l’électrocardiogramme. L’échocardiogramme révèle une réduction de la fonction ventriculaire. Les études virales peuvent isoler le pathogène. La biopsie du myocarde est utile d’un point de vue diagnostique, mais comporte un risque important pour l’enfant malade. Le traitement de première ligne inclut des mesures comme le repos, l’oxygène et les diurétiques. Des agents inotropes sont utiles en cas de défaillance cardiaque modérée à grave. Le rôle d’un traitement aux immunosuppresseurs n’est pas encore clairement établi dans la population pédiatrique. Le pronostic est réservé chez les nouveau-nés, mais plus favorable chez les enfants plus âgés.
Keywords: Children; Infants; Myocarditis.
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