Long-term outcome in 215 children and adolescents with papillary thyroid cancer treated during 1940 through 2008

Abstract

Background: Controversy exists regarding the aggressiveness of initial therapy in childhood papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Few studies with long-term outcome exist and second primary malignancies have rarely been analyzed.

Methods: We studied 215 PTC patients younger than 21 years old managed during 1940 through 2008. The patients were aged 3-20 year old (median age = 16 years); the median follow-up was 29 years. Recurrence and mortality details were taken from a computerized database.

Results: Median primary tumor size was 2.2 cm. Six percent had distant metastases at presentation, 5% had incomplete tumor resection, 86% had nodes removed at initial surgery, and 78% had nodal metastases. After complete surgical resection, PTC recurred in 32% by 40 years. At 20 years, the recurrence rates at local, regional, and distant sites were 7, 21, and 5%, respectively. During 1940-1969, local and regional recurrence rates after unilateral lobectomy (UL) were significantly (P < 0.001) higher than after bilateral lobar resection (BLR). During 1950-2008 radioiodine remnant ablation (RRA) was administered within 18 months to 32%; it did not diminish the 25-year regional recurrence rate of 16% seen after BLR alone (P = 0.86). Only two fatal events from PTC occurred at 28 and 30 years, for a cause-specific mortality at 40 years of only 2%. All-causes mortality rates did not exceed expectation through 20 years, but from 30 through 50 years, the number of deaths was significantly (P < 0.001) higher than predicted. Fifteen of 22 deaths (68%) resulted from nonthyroid malignancy.

Conclusion: Survival from childhood PTC should be expected, but later death from nonthyroid malignancy is disconcerting. Seventy-three percent of those who died from nonthyroid malignancy had received postoperative therapeutic irradiation.