Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency: forgotten etiology
- PMID: 20090075
- PMCID: PMC2809169
Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency: forgotten etiology
Abstract
Objective: To provide a review of alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD), alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT) augmentation, and the recommendations for timely recognition and treatment.
Sources of information: Published guidelines and the medical literature about AATD and AAT augmentation were reviewed. The information presented is based on available published literature obtained by searching PubMed, the Cochrane Library databases, and the reference lists of relevant articles. Searches were limited to English-language articles published between 1990 and 2009.
Main message: Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, a genetic disorder characterized by low serum levels of AAT, predisposes affected patients to development of early-onset pulmonary disease (most commonly emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and occasionally even life-threatening liver disease. Despite being one of the most common inherited conditions (affecting about 1 in 2000 to 5000 people), AATD is underrecognized. This is unfortunate; although there is no cure for AATD, prompt diagnosis can help impede loss of lung function. Specific treatment of this deficiency with augmentation therapy is effective.
Conclusion: Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency is a common genetic condition that can be involved in premature lung and liver disease. Consider the diagnosis to allow earlier institution of AAT augmentation therapy to slow the progression of premature lung disease in affected patients.
OBJECTIF: Faire le point sur le déficit en α1-antitrypsine (DAAT), le traitement substitutif à l’α1-antitrypsine (AAT) et les recommandations pour un dépistage et un traitement précoces.
SOURCE DE L’INFORMATION: On a consulté les directives publiées ainsi que la littérature médicale sur le DAAT et le traitement substitutif à l’AAT. L’information présentée ici provient d’une recherche de la littérature existante dans PubMed et dans les bases de données de Cochrane Library, en plus de la bibliographie d’articles pertinents. On s’est limité aux articles de langue anglaise parus entre 1990 et 2009.
PRINCIPAL MESSAGE: Le DAAT, une affection génétique caractérisée par un bas niveau d’AAT, prédispose les sujets atteints à des maladies pulmonaires précoces (généralement l’emphysème ou une maladie pulmonaire obstructive chronique) et parfois à une maladie hépatique potentiellement mortelle. Même s’il s’agit de l’une des maladies héréditaires les plus fréquentes (environ une personne sur 2000 à 5000), le DAAT est malheureusement sous-diagnostiqué. Cette maladie est incurable, mais un diagnostic précoce peut prévenir la perte de la fonction pulmonaire. Il existe un traitement spécifique de ce déficit par thérapie substitutive.
CONCLUSION: Le DAAT est une affection génétique fréquente qui peut contribuer à une maladie pulmonaire ou hépatique précoce. On doit penser à ce diagnostic si on veut instituer un traitement substitutif précoce à l’AAT et ainsi ralentir la progression d’une maladie pulmonaire prématurée chez les sujets atteints.
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