Different cardiovascular responses to hemodialysis-induced fluid depletion and blood pressure compliance

Abstract

Background: On the basis of cardiovascular compliance, hemodialysis (HD) patients can be classified as hypotension prone (HP) or hypotension resistant (HR).

Methods: We compare the hemodynamic behavior and myocardial performances in 6 HP and 6 HR patients before and after an isolated ultrafiltration (IU) session removing 3% of total body water.

Results: HP show higher basal plasma angiotensin II levels during IU (p<0.01), whereas angiotensin II remained unchanged in HR patients (p<0.001 between groups). The percentage changes of plasma volume (PV) was similar in the 2 groups. A significant reduction of cardiac index was observed only in the HP group (p<0.001 between groups). The mean values of heart rate remained significantly higher, whereas total peripheral resistances significantly fell in the HP in comparison with the HR group (p<0.001 between groups). During IU, the mean arterial pressure (MAP) changes were -10 +/- 3 mm Hg in the HP vs. -3.3 +/- 2 mm Hg in the HR group (p<0.001). Echocardiography data were collected before and after IU. All enrolled patients presented left ventricular hypertrophy; following IU, HP patients showed a reduction of mean left ventricular diameter (p<0.01), left atrial diameters and right atrial diameter, and a change in percentage of right atrium ejection fraction (p<0.001, p<0.01).

Conclusions: In comparison with HR patients, HP patients before and after IU showed a defective arteriovenous tone adjustment to the PV changes, with a hemodynamic picture of abnormal sympathetic stimulation. Moreover, a reduced cardiac preload with both atrial and ventricular underfilling in these patients is at risk for a sudden drop in MAP.