Clinical course of arteriovenous malformations of the head and neck: a case series

Abstract

Objective: To demonstrate, in a case series, the relentless growth of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) of the head and neck and the importance of their vigilant management within the context of a modified staging system.

Study design: Retrospective review.

Setting: Tertiary care institution, Vascular Anomalies Center.

Subjects and methods: Subjects were patients with advanced AVMs presenting to our Vascular Anomalies Center. Medical records were examined for age at first diagnosis, disease course, prior treatments, age at presentation, management, therapeutic outcomes, stage of disease, and impact on quality of life. Early patient photographs were evaluated.

Results: Ten patients (ages 13-46 yrs) with extensive cervicofacial AVMs were examined. Progressive growth, worsening symptoms, and graduated disease stage were universally experienced by each patient, as evident by serial photographs, over a course of many years. Each patient presented to our institution with massive lesions, bleeding, pain, and facial destruction. Prior embolization and/or surgery had been performed in all but one patient. Every patient had been previously told that their AVMs were incurable or that treatment options were exhausted. The patients were subsequently treated at our institution with surgical resection with or without preoperative embolization. Disease control, symptom improvement, and enhanced daily functioning were attained in each patient.

Conclusion: The natural course of AVMs is progressive, invasive, and destructive. Vigilant observation, early treatment, and radical therapy are necessary for AVMs of the head and neck.